Table 3.
Severity of Illness and outcomes of COVID-19 patients and controls.
| Clinical status | Controls N = 51 |
COVID-19 N = 90 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Initial respiratory status | |||
| Highest level of supplemental oxygen in the first 3 h | 0.2 | ||
| HFNC/NRB/NIV mechanical ventilation | 2 (3.9%) | 8 (8.9%) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2 (3.9%) | 4 (4.4%) | |
| Nasal cannula | 11 (22%) | 30 (33%) | |
| None | 36 (71%) | 48 (53%) | |
| CXR results at admission | < 0.001 | ||
| Bilateral infiltrates | 6 (13%) | 58 (64%) | |
| Clear | 26 (58%) | 10 (11%) | |
| Pleural effusion | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.4%) | |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 6 (13%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Day 1 severity of illness (median, IQR) | |||
| SOFA score | 1.0 (0.0, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 0.001 |
| Complications and clinical outcomes | |||
| Thromboembolic event | 2 (3.9%) | 11 (12%) | 0.13 |
| Respiratory co-infection | 16 (31%) | 20 (22%) | 0.3 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring intubation | 0 (0%) | 36 (40%) | < 0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury (AKI) stagea | < 0.001 | ||
| 0 | 48 (94%) | 49 (60%) | |
| 1 | 2 (3.9%) | 11 (14%) | |
| 2 | 1 (2.0%) | 5 (6.2%) | |
| 3 | 0 (0%) | 16 (20%) | |
| In-hospital mortality | 5 (9.8%) | 19 (21%) | 0.14 |
AKI was defined according to KDIGO guidelines21.
ARDS was defined according to the Berlin Definition22.
HFNC High-flow nasal cannula, NRB non-rebreather mask, NIV non-invasive, CXR chest X-ray, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment.
aPatients with end stage renal disease who were on dialysis prior to admission were excluded.