Table 2.
The effects of interval and continuous exercise regimens on echocardiographic parameters in hypoxia at rest and during HE.
| HIIT | MICT | CTL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
| Heart Rate | 76 ± 2 | 72 ± 3 | 75 ± 2 | 74 ± 2 | 75 ± 3 | 75 ± 2 |
| Systemic Resistance | ||||||
| MAP, mmHg | 81 ± 2 | 76 ± 3 *, # | 81 ± 3 | 74 ± 3 *, # | 82 ± 3 | 82 ± 2 |
| TPR, mmHg·L−1·min−1 | 22.8 ± 1.5 | 18.4 ± 1.3 *, # | 21.7 ± 1.2 | 18.7 ± 1.4 *, # | 22.1 ± 0.9 | 22.3 ± 1.2 |
| RPP, mmHg·bpm | 81.3 ± 2.1 | 75.9 ± 2.5 *, # | 81.1 ± 2.7 | 74.0 ± 2.8 *, # | 82.1 ± 3.5 | 82.4 ± 2.0 |
| Pulmonary Resistance | ||||||
| PVR rest, WU | 1.02 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.03 *, # | 1.05 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.04 * | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 1.04 ± 0.07 |
| PVR ex, WU | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.05 *, # | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 1.17 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.03 |
| RVSP rest, mmHg | 27.0 ± 1.3 | 21.1 ± 1.2 *, # | 27.6 ± 2.2 | 22.8 ± 1.2 *, # | 27.2 ± 1.4 | 27.9 ± 1.9 |
| RVSP ex, mmHg | 29.4 ± 1.6 | 23.2 ± 1.1 *, # | 29.6 ± 2.2 | 26.5 ± 1.3 | 29.2 ± 1.6 | 29.8 ± 1.9 |
| Right Ventricular Systolic Function | ||||||
| RVEF, % | 59.5 ± 6.0 | 69.1 ± 2.8 * | 60.5 ± 3.5 | 62.4 ± 3.8 | 61.2 ± 3.1 | 62.8 ± 5.9 |
| RVOT VTI, cm2 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 * | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 |
| TAPSE, cm | 2.17 ± 0.06 | 2.12 ± 0.04 | 2.17 ± 0.07 | 2.19 ± 0.07 | 2.17 ± 0.05 | 2.17 ± 0.09 |
| RA pressure | ||||||
| IVC diameter, cm | 1.54 ± 0.05 | 1.53 ± 0.04 | 1.56 ± 0.05 | 1.53 ± 0.04 | 1.53 ± 0.09 | 1.52 ± 0.06 |
| Tricuspid velocity (TV) | ||||||
| E, m/s | 1.79 ± 0.10 | 2.18 ± 0.11 *, # | 1.78 ± 0.09 | 2.02 ± 0.10 * | 1.77 ± 0.1 | 1.78 ± 0.1 |
| E', m/s | 0.158 ± 0.006 | 0.164 ± 0.006 | 0.156 ± 0.006 | 0.161 ± 0.004 | 0.159 ± 0.012 | 0.157 ± 0.01 |
| E/E', ratio | 11.26 ± 0.71 | 13.49 ± 0.77 | 11.64 ± 0.82 | 12.18 ± 0.50 | 11.33 ± 1.08 | 11.63 ± 1.06 |
Values were mean ± SEM. Resting images were acquired after the subject was placed in the semi-supine position for 10 min under hypoxia. HIIT, high-intensity interval training group; MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training group; CTL, control group; Pre, pre-intervention; Post, post-intervention; MAP, mean arterial pressure; TPR, total peripheral pressure; RPP, rate pressure product; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction; RVOT VTI, right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; IVC, inferior vena cava; E, the peak velocity of early tricuspid blood flow; E’, the peak velocity of early tricuspid annular tissue; * P < 0.05, Pre vs. Post; ** P < 0.05, HIIT vs. MICT; # p < 0.05, HIIT or MICT vs CTL.