Fig. (3).

Other potential targets: cytokines and transcription factors. Other potential targets for osteoporosis therapy have been identified and against some of them have been produced monoclonal antibodies or recombinant analogues. In addition to anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody (Anti-sclerostin MoAb) and Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α monoclonal antibody (Anti-TNF-α MoAb), other relevant checkpoints of the Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) pathway in osteoblasts seem to be promising targets: Dickkopf-related protein (DKK) antagonists, Proteasome inhibitors, Tyrosynkinase inhibitors (TKIs), Recombinant Bone morphogenetic protein (rBMP), Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), Recombinant transforming growth factor-β (rTGF-β), Recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 (rIGF-1), Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) antagonists.

Abbreviations: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor k-B (RANK), Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor k-B Ligand (RANKL), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor-associated Factor 6 (TRAF6), Inhibitor of nuclear factor Kappa-B Kinases (IKKs), Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).