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. 2021 Jun 15;12:3640. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23941-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Molecular structures of one donor and two acceptors used to form exciplexes mCP:pDPBITPO and mCP:DpPBITPO. Two conventional TPBI and BPhen acceptors were used in device fabrication for comparison. b Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy levels of mCP and PO acceptors. Energy gaps of the highest occupied (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) between mCP and PO acceptors reach to 0.6 eV, corresponding to the driving force of donor-acceptor electronic coupling (ΔG). c Electronic absorption of pDPBITPO and DpPBITPO (hollow dots) and steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved phosphorescence (PH) spectra of mCP (dash lines), pDPBITPO, DpPBITPO, mCP:pDPBITPO and mCP:DpPBITPO. Phosphorescence spectra were recorded in the time range of 100-200 μs after excitation. d Jablonski energy level diagram of mCP:PO acceptors. The near-zero energy gap between the S₁ and the mCP-induced T₂ of the exciplex facilitates the RISC through electron and vibrational couplings. Separated T₂ and T₁ locations on mCP and PO acceptors restrain the T₂ → T₁ transition through IC. e Steady-state PL spectra of mCP:pDPBITPO and mCP:DpPBITPO films doped with DMAC-DPS and 4CzTPNBu at different ratios.