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. 2021 Jun 2;8:677727. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.677727

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Copyright © 2021 Tan, Li, Zheng, Li, Zhang, Pyle, Chen, Wu, Sun, Zou, Backx and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Activation of the inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. This study demonstrates that myocardial fibrosis is associated with activation of inflammatory pathways as the evident elevation of p-IκBα, p-NFκB, IL-6, and IL-1β in the DAC myocardium (A,B) and significant increases in the levels of fibroblast-secreted TGF-β1, the downstream effectors p-Smad2 and p-Smad2/3, and p-PI3K and p-ERK linking to cellular proliferation following DAC (C,D). n = 4 minipigs per group. Each band represent an individual animal. All data are presented as the means ± SEMs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the sham group.