Table 3.
Anti-inflammatory effects of Tyr.
| Cell culture/animal | Model | Concentration/dosage | Effect/Result | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) |
TNF-á-stimulation (40 ng/mL) |
2–20 µM | ↓ Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 | [17] |
| Murine macrophages RAW 264.7 | Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (1 µM) |
100–250 µM | ↓ PGE2, LTB4, and COX-2 expression | [94] |
| Culture of astrocytes | Oxygen-glucose deprivation |
1.6 mM | ↓ TNF-á and IL-6 ↓ GFAP, STAT3, and STAT3-P ↑ IêBá and IêBá-P |
[105] |
| Mast cells | Anaphylaxis model | 1–1000 nM | ↓ Degranulation of cells ↓ TNF-á, IL-1â, and IL-4 expression ↓ Calcium influx, phosphorylation of the êB kinase complex |
[107] |
| Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | LPS-stimulation | 100 nM | ↓ TNF-á release | [108] |
| Mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 | Interferon-ã (25 U/ml) + gliadin (800 ìg/ml) stimulation | 1–4 mM | ↓ NO stable metabolites, PGE2 production ↓ NF-êB, STAT-1á, IRF-1 activation, iNOS, and COX-2 expression |
[109, 110] |
| Rat peritoneal leukocytes | Calcium ionophore A23187 (1 mM) | 100–200 µM | ↓ Leukotriene B4 No effect on TXB2 |
[111] |
| Human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) | LPS-stimulation (1 ìg/mL) |
1 ìM | ↓ iNOS expression, NO overproduction, and IĸBá degradation | [113] |
| RAW264.7 cells | LPS-stimulation (100 ng/mL) |
0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mM | ↓ NF-êB, mCD14 expression, and p-I-êB | [114] |
| Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | LPS-stimulation (1 µg/mL) |
1–75 µM | No effect on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 | [115] |
| EA.hy.926 cells | Homocysteine (100 ìM) TNF-á-stimulation (10 ng/mL) |
2.5–7.5 µM 2.5–7.5 µM |
↓ Monocyte adhesion, expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 No effect on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
[116] |
| RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages |
LPS-stimulation (100 ng/mL) |
1 nM–10 µM | ↓ NO, nuclear translocation of NF-êB | [117] |
| Mice BULB/c | Acute lung injury (intratracheal injection of LPS, 25 ìg/50 ìL) |
0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg intragastrically | ↓ Myeloperoxidase ↓TNF-á, IL-1â, and IL-6 ↓ iNOS, COX-2, and phosphorylated-IêBá |
[117] |
| Rats | Uveitis (LPS 1 mg/kg intravenously) | 100 mg/kg iv | ↓ TNF-á, PGE2, and NO | [119] |
| Diluted human blood (1:5) | LPS-stimulation (50 g/mL) | 0.1–10 mM | No effect on IL-1â, IL-6, PGE2 and TNF-á | [120] |
| Human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells | TNF-á-stimulation (10 ng/mL) |
50 ìM | No effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion | [121] |