Table 3.

Hierarchical ordinal logistic regression (moderate vs. low) to evaluate the association of demographics (i.e., age, gender), socioeconomic factors (i.e., marital, educational, and salary status), and lifestyle factors (i.e., physically activity level and smoking status) on the level of perceived stress (defined through PSS-14).

Characteristics	Moderate Perceived stress Odds Ratio (95% CI)
	Model 1: Adjusted for age and gender	Model 2: Adjusted for socio-economic factors	Model 3: Adjusted for lifestyle factors
Age	0.99 (0.98, 1.01)	0.99 (0.97, 1.00)	0.99 (0.97, 1.00)
Male vs. female	0.76 (0.58, 1.01)	0.78 (0.58, 1.04)	0.82 (0.61, 1.11)
Marital status
Married		Ref	Ref
Unmarried		0.84 (0.56, 1.22)	0.86 (0.59, 1.26)
Divorced/widowed		1.47 (0.84, 2.57)	1.44 (0.82, 2.53)
Higher vs. Secondary education		0.82 (0.54, 1.23)
Salary
Low		Ref	Ref
Middle		1.09 (0.70, 1.70)	1.09 (0.69, 1.70)
High		1.13 (0.68, 1.88)	1.16 (0.70, 1.93)
Physically active vs. inactive			0.73 (0.55, 0.98)
Smoking
Non-smoker			Ref
Current smoker			1.07 (0.75, 1.52)
Past smoker			0.74 (0.47, 1.16)

Bold indicates statistically significant at a P < 0.05.