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. 2021 Jun 2;15:682597. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.682597

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Copyright © 2021 Bondarenko and Saarma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic midsagittal cross-section of the human brain. Dopaminergic neurons localize in substantia nigra pars compacta and project their axons into striatum. In clinical trials with PD patients NTFs were delivered intracranially into lateral ventricles (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF) or, predominantly, into putamen [GDNF, neurturin (NRTN), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF)].