. 2021 Jun 2;12:688490. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688490

TABLE 3.

Summary of effects and mechanisms of formulas containing ginseng in neuronal cells and animal models.

Ref	Formulas	Medicines	Model	Inducer	Experimental model	Mechanism	Effects
Yang et al. (2017)	Fuzheng Quxie Decoction	Renshen, huan glian, and chuanxiong (9:6:5)	AD		SAMP8 mice	p-tau↓	p-tau
Yang et al. (2017)	Fuzheng Quxie Decoction	Renshen, huan glian, and chuanxiong (9:6:5)	AD		SAMP8 mice	p-PP2A, NR2A, nissl bodies↑	p-tau
An et al. (2018)	SQYZ granules	Ginsenoside Rg1, astragaloside a, and baicalin	AD		APP/PS1 double transgenic mice	Aβ42, dynamin-1↓	Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, stress responses, energy metabolism
						MAPK3, TCA (dalt, Fabp5, ldhb, Glo1, Eno1), HSP↑
						Atp5b, Dmxl1
Ren et al. (2020)	Shenqi yizhi granules	Panax ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus, and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (2:4:3)	AD		APP/PS1 double transgenic mice	Mdhc, PKM, ATP, HSP↑	Energy metabolism, stress response, cytoskeleton, synaptic transmission, signal transduction, amino acid metabolism
Ren et al. (2020)	Shenqi yizhi granules		AD		APP/PS1 double transgenic mice	acetyl-CoA
Guo et al. (2019)	Kai-xin-san	Panax ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia Willd, Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, and Acorus tatarinowii Schott (3:2:3:2)	AD	Aβ_25–35	SD rats/PC12 cells	AChE, Bcl-2, ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β↓	Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, Aβ deposition, cytoskeleton
						Ach, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-GSK-3β↑
						PI3K/Akt, tau
Cao et al. (2018)	Kai-xin-san	Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Acori Tatarinowii, and Poria (3:2:2:3)			Primary mouse astrocytes cells	MMP-9, TIMP-1→	cAMP-dependent pathway, synthesis of neurotrophic factors via regulation of the tPA system
Cao et al. (2018)	Kai-xin-san				Primary mouse astrocytes cells	NGF, BDNF, CREB, tPA↑
Liu et al. (2020)	GAPT, GEPT, or jinsiwei	Ginseng, epimedium, polygala, and tuber curcumae	Learning and memory-disordered model	Scopolamine	6 months old male ICR mice	MDA, AChE, ROS↓	Protecting cholinergic neurons, reducing oxidative stress injury, neuroprotective
Liu et al. (2020)	GAPT, GEPT, or jinsiwei	Ginseng, epimedium, polygala, and tuber curcumae	Learning and memory-disordered model	Scopolamine	6 months old male ICR mice	ChAT, SOD, GPX, Ach↑
Seo et al. (2018)	P. montana and red ginseng extracts	Hongshen and gegen	Neurodegeneration	TMT	5 weeks old male ICR mice	AChE↓	Ach, oxidative stresses
Seo et al. (2018)	P. montana and red ginseng extracts	Hongshen and gegen	Neurodegeneration	TMT	5 weeks old male ICR mice	Catalase, MDA↑	Ach, oxidative stresses
Shi et al. (2018)	Rg1 and Acori graminei Rhizoma	Ginsenoside Rg1 and shichangpu	AD	Aβ_1–42	SAMP8 mice/Primary hippocampal neurons cells/PC12 cells	HMOX1↓	Apoptosis
Shi et al. (2018)	Rg1 and Acori graminei Rhizoma	Ginsenoside Rg1 and shichangpu	AD	Aβ_1–42	SAMP8 mice/Primary hippocampal neurons cells/PC12 cells	mir-873-5p↑	Apoptosis