TABLE 2.
Model results from separate regression models estimating the main effects of time and other key predictors of parent/carer reported emotional, conduct and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and problems, with significance values for their interaction with time point
| SDQ emotion | SDQ conduct | SDQ hyperactivity/inattention | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDQ symptom models | ||||||||||||
| b (SE)/ | t‐Value/ | 95% CI | Time* predictor interaction | b (SE) | t‐Value | 95% CI | Time*predictor interaction | b (SE) | t‐Value | 95% CI | Time* predictor interaction | |
| Children (aged 4–10 years) | ||||||||||||
| Time point1 | 0.14 (0.04) | 3.23** | [0.05, 0.22] | – | 0.30 (0.03) | 9.62*** | [0.24, 0.36] | – | 0.61 (0.04) | 13.86*** | [0.52, 0.69] | – |
| Gender1 | −0.24 (0.11) | −2.18* | [−0.46, −0.02] | p = 0.79 | 0.24 (0.08) | 3.01** | [0.08, 0.40] | p = 0.03 | 0.97 (0.12) | 8.13*** | [0.73, 1.20] | p = 0.09 |
| Income1 | 1.33 (0.27) | 4.88*** | [0.79, 1.86] | p = 0.68 | 0.87 (0.20) | 4.43*** | [0.48, 1.25] | p = 0.76 | 1.17 (0.29) | 3.99*** | [0.59, 1.74] | p = 0.76 |
| Single Adult2 | 0.69 (0.18) | 3.74*** | [0.33, 1.04] | p = 0.93 | 0.19 (0.13) | 1.41 | [−0.07, 0.45] | p = 0.28 | 0.52 (0.20) | 2.61** | [0.13, 0.90] | p = 0.14 |
| SEN/ND3 | 2.21 (0.16) | 14.04*** | [1.90, 2.52] | p = 0.01 | 1.67 (0.11) | 14.85*** | [1.45, 1.89] | p < 0.001 | 2.97 (0.16) | 18.14*** | [2.65, 3.29] | p < 0.001 |
| Adolescents (aged 11–16 years) | ||||||||||||
| Time point4 | −0.24 (0.06) | −4.04*** | [−0.36, −0.13] | – | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.63 | [−0.05, 0.10] | – | 0.12 (0.06) | 2.15* | [0.01, 0.24] | – |
| Gender4 | −0.76 (0.17) | −4.50*** | [−1.10, −0.43] | p = 0.56 | 0.28 (0.12) | 2.30* | [0.04, 0.51] | p = 0.04 | 1.15 (0.17) | 6.75*** | [0.82, 1.48] | p = 0.49 |
| Income4 | 1.19 (0.35) | 3.42*** | [0.51, 1.87] | p = 0.16 | 0.38 (0.25) | 1.53 | [−0.11, 0.86] | p = 0.69 | 0.97 (0.35) | 2.79** | [0.29, 1.65] | p = 0.80 |
| Single Adult5 | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.24 | [−0.42, 0.54] | p = 0.02 | 0.11 (0.17) | 0.65 | [−0.23, 0.45] | p = 0.48 | 0.17 (0.25) | 0.68 | [−0.31, 0.65] | p = 0.51 |
| SEN/ND6 | 2.41 (0.19) | 12.50*** | [2.03, 2.79] | p = 0.48 | 1.40 (0.14) | 10.06*** | [1.13, 1.68] | p = 0.004 | 2.65 (0.19) | 13.96*** | [2.28, 3.02] | p = 0.001 |
| SDQ problems models | ||||||||||||
| OR (SE) | z‐Value | 95% CI | Time* predictor interaction | OR (SE) | z‐Value | 95% CI | Time* predictor interaction | OR (SE) | z‐Value | 95% CI | Time* predictor interaction | |
| Children | ||||||||||||
| Time point7 | 1.68 (0.32) | 2.71** | [1.15, 2.46] | – | 5.10 (1.05) | 7.95*** | [3.41, 7.63] | – | 1.34 (0.20) | 6.61*** | [0.94, 1.74] | – |
| Gender7 | 0.97 (0.33) | −0.08 | [0.50, 1.91] | p < 0.001 | 1.49 (0.47) | 1.27 | [0.81, 2.76] | p = 0.01 | 0.81 (0.35) | 2.34* | [0.13, 1.49] | p < 0.001 |
| Income7 | 8.08 (7.10) | 2.38* | [1.44, 45.25] | p = 0.92 | 4.71 (3.84) | 1.90 | [0.95, 23.24] | p = 0.53 | 2.34 (1.19) | 1.97 | [0.01, 4.68] | p = 0.23 |
| Single Adult8 | 1.63 (0.88) | 0.90 | [0.56, 4.71] | p = 0.45 | 1.49 (0.75) | 0.80 | [0.56, 4.00] | p < 0.001 | 1.35 (0.78) | 0.52 | [0.44, 4.18] | p = 0.27 |
| SEN/ND9, a | – | 8.01*** | – | p < 0.001 | – | 7.87*** | – | p < 0.001 | – | 22.60*** | – | p < 0.001 |
| Adolescents | ||||||||||||
| Time point10 | 0.76 (0.20) | −1.05 | [0.45, 1.27] | – | 0.53 (0.29) | 1.82 | [−0.04, 1.09] | – | 1.40 (0.41) | 1.16 | [0.79, 2.49] | – |
| Gender10 | 0.54 (0.27) | −1.24 | [0.20, 1.44] | p = 0.51 | 0.45 (0.52) | 0.87 | [−0.57, 1.47] | p = 0.12 | 2.15 (1.20) | 1.38 | [0.72, 6.40] | p = 0.99 |
| Income10 | 7.14 (8.07) | 1.74 | [0.78, 65.36] | p = 0.06 | 0.09 (0.99) | 0.09 | [−1.85, 2.02] | p = 0.55 | 2.80 (2.81) | 1.03 | [0.39, 19.97] | p = 0.19 |
| Single Adult11 | 1.00 (0.73) | −0.01 | [0.24, 4.22] | p = 0.68 | 0.92 (0.69) | −0.12 | [0.21, 3.99] | p = 0.24 | 1.20 (0.93) | 0.24 | [0.26, 5.47] | p = 0.05 |
| SEN/ND12, a | – | 5.6*** | – | p = 0.16 | – | 3.58*** | – | p < 0.001 | – | 14.41*** | – | p < 0.001 |
Note: Data for main effects taken from the same models are denoted with the same number in superscript. All interaction p‐values are from individual and separate models.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SEN/ND, special educational needs/neurodevelopmental disorders.
Meaningful odds ratios for the main effect of SEN/ND could not be calculated due to the significant overlap between caseness and SEN/ND.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.