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. 2021 Jun 2;12:650328. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.650328

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Copyright © 2021 Alqudah, Eastwood, Jerotic, Todd, Hoch, McNally, Obradovic, Dugalic, Hunter, Holmes, McCance, Young, Watson, Robson, Desoye, Grieve and McClements

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Signs of placenta hypoxia is evident concomitantly with increased levels of villous vascularity in diabetes. Paraffin-embedded placental sections were stained with H&E with 2 separate fields/section imaged at 4x magnification. The number of syncytial knots which are aggregates of syncytial nuclei at the surface of terminal villi (black spots indicated by arrows) are increased in placental samples from women with T1D (A) or GDM (B) compared to healthy controls (T1D, n=8, GDM, n=6 unpaired t-test, *<0.05). Villous vascularity (indicated by increased red staining) is abundant in T1D (C) and GDM (D) compared to healthy controls.