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. 2021 May 18;14(2):123–138. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12430

TABLE 4.

Effect of O3 on COVID‐19 cases and mortality

Author Country Period Analysis method Quantified results
Liu et al 2 9 countries (China, Japan, Korea, Canada, America, Russia, England, Germany, France) 21 Jan to 20 May 2020 Discontinuous linear regression O3 presents a more pronounced positive effect on COVID‐19 infection in more countries (such as Japan, Canada, America, Russia, France, etc).
Zhu et al 49 China (120 cities) 23 Jan to 29 Feb 2020 Generalized additive model Per 10 mg/m3 increase in O3 was associated with 4.76% (95% CI: 1.99‐7.52) increase in the daily counts of confirmed cases, respectively.
Fronza et al 53 Europe (47 regional capitals and 107 major Italian)cities) 10 Feb to 10 Apr 2020 Artificial neural network O3 was negatively associated with number of COVID‐19 cases per million (= −0.44).
Travaglio et al 56 UK 2018‐2019 Generalized linear models, negative binomial regression analyses O3 was significantly associated with COVID‐19 deaths and cases at the sub regional level.
Jiang et al 64 China (Wuhan, Xiaogan, and Huanggang) 25 Jan to 29 Feb 2020 Multivariate Poisson's regression O3 was negatively associated with daily COVID‐19 incidence in Wuhan (0.99, 95%CI: 0.989‐0.991) and Xiaogan (0.991, 95%CI: 0.989‐0.993) and positively associated with daily COVID‐19 incidence in Huanggang (1.016, 95%CI: 1.012‐1.02).
Liang et al 70 USA (3 122 US counties) 22 Jan to 29 Apr 2020 Zero‐inflated negative binomial models No significant associations between O3 and COVID‐19 cases.
Adhikari et al 79 New York, USA 1 Mar to 20 Apr 2020 Negative binomial regression mode A one‐unit increase in O3 was associated with a 10.51% (95%CI: 7.47‐13.63) increase in the daily new COVID‐19 cases.
Zoran et al 71 Milan, Italy 1 Jan to 30 Apr 2020 Time series analysis COVID‐19 infections showed a positive correlation with ground level O3.

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