TABLE 3.
Disruptions to agriculture and associated income reductions during the lockdown
| Wheat producers | Tomato producers | Difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | ||
| A. Production and harvest phase | ||||
| Harvested earlier than planned (1/0) | 0.109 | 0.023 | –0.086 | *** |
| Harvested later than planned (1/0) | 0.320 | 0.188 | –0.132 | *** |
| Had difficulty accessing inputs (1/0) | n/a | 0.463 | n/a | |
| Spent more on labor (1/0) | 0.230 | 0.312 | 0.082 | *** |
| Increased labor costs per acre (INR) | 165.3 | 1673 | 1508 | *** |
| Spent more on machinery/equipment (1/0) | 0.245 | 0.141 | –0.104 | *** |
| Increased machinery costs per acre (INR) | 140.0 | 689.2 | 549.2 | *** |
| Disruption in production/harvest phase (1/0) | 0.558 | 0.639 | 0.081 | ** |
| Crop income reductions per acre (INR) | 304.1 | 2362 | 2058 | *** |
| B. Post‐harvest and marketing phase | ||||
| Spent more on transport to the market (1/0) | 0.153 | 0.087 | –0.066 | *** |
| Increased spending on transport per acre (INR) | 79.32 | 314.8 | 235.5 | *** |
| Stored harvest because had no market (1/0) | 0.349 | 0.136 | –0.213 | *** |
| Discarded/lost this harvest in storage (1/0) | 0.013 | 0.069 | 0.056 | *** |
| Value discarded/lost in storage per acre (INR) | 102.8 | 274.8 | 172.0 | ** |
| Sold harvest for less than expected (1/0) | 0.002 | 0.468 | 0.466 | *** |
| Expected minus actual price per quintal (INR) | n/a | 786.2 | 786.2 | *** |
| Expected minus actual revenue per acre (INR) | n/a | 40,350 | 40,350 | *** |
| Disruption in post‐harvest phase (1/0) | 0.165 | 0.518 | 0.353 | *** |
| Crop income reductions per acre (INR) | 182.3 | 40,901 | 40,719 | *** |
| C. Aggregated statistics | ||||
| Reports any disruption (1/0) | 0.605 | 0.754 | 0.149 | *** |
| Total crop income reductions per acre (INR) | 486.5 | 43,241 | 42,755 | *** |
| Number of observations | 1275 | 492 | 1767 |
Note: This table includes two types of variables: dummy variables, which take on a value of one if the respondent reports the listed disruption, and zero otherwise (marked as "1/0"); and continuous variables, which are reported in Indian Rupees ("INR"). Continuous variables include all observations, including farmers who did not experience disruptions, for whom these variables take on a value of zero. For expected prices, we use the median expected price reported by farmers, and for actual prices, we use the average across pickings. Means for tomato farmers have been corrected for attrition using inverse probability weights.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001, based on a t‐test for differences in means for continuous variables, and a χ2‐test for binary variables.
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