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. 2021 Jun 2;9:682619. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682619

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Copyright © 2021 Marquardt, Pavlopoulou, Takan, Dhar, Pützer and Logotheti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cancer progression and metastasis are associated with deregulation of evolutionarily younger JIGs. Red indicates gnathostome-specific, green indicates pre-gnathostome orthologs. In all pie charts, the outer, ring represents the composition of the total 305 JIGs in gnathostome-specific (light red) and pre-gnathostome (light green) JIGs. (A) Cox regression analysis of JIGs in PanCan revealed that 51.6% of gnathostome-specific orthologs predict worse and only 20.1% better prognosis (ratio 2.56:1) versus 40.4 and 37.0% (ratio 1.09:1) in pre-gnathostome genes. (B) In metastasis, a slightly higher number of gnathostome-specific JIGs is deregulated compared to the pre-gnathostomes (inner circle). (C) Estimation of gnathostome versus pre-gnathostome genes that are deregulated in a setting of xenograft experimental evolution. Diagram: among the 700 genes which were identified as drivers of tumor evolution, significant enrichment of JIGs was found (6.89%, or 21 genes) as compared to random lists (3.08 ± 0.98%). Pie: of the 21 deregulated JIGs, 14 (66.7%) were of gnathostome and 7 (33.4%) of pre-gnathostome origin.