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. 2021 Jun 2;9:686886. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686886

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Copyright © 2021 Xiong, Wang, Li, Huang, Zhang, Zhu, Xie, Wang, Kuang, Lin, Lee, Kumar and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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PDGF-D promotes choroid sprouting and pathological choroidal neovascularization (CNV).(A) PDGF-D protein treatment increased mouse choroidal sprouting at different days. (B) Quantifications of choroidal sprouting areas in (A). (C) RPE-choroid wholemount immunofluorescence staining of IB4⁺ neovessels and IBA1⁺ macrophages in laser-induced CNVs with AAV-GFP or AAV-PDGF-D overexpression. (D) Quantifications of neovascular areas and IBA1⁺ macrophages in (C). (E) Immunofluorescence staining of CD31⁺ ECs and IBA1⁺ macrophages in laser-induced CNVs. (F) Quantifications of the CD31⁺ ECs and IBA1⁺ macrophages in e. Scale bar: 50 μm. n = 5, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns: not significant.