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. 2021 May 1;11(11):6381–6390. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7489

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© 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Observed negative relation between annual fitness (log 10 W) and frequency of banded Littorina saxatilis (B1, B2, B3, R, W1, W2, and W3) and Littorina fabalis (Abelleira) individuals in different sampled populations (notice that this frequency refers to the phenotype, not the allelic frequency). Notice that a random pattern does not necessarily produce such a trend as it may cause several changes in frequencies in the same direction (causing a direct association between fitness and frequency)