Figure 2.

The cost-effectiveness plane shows the probability of intradialytic cycling being cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY; in UK£) for the base-case “within” and “within and posttrial” analyses. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (red dot) estimated from 50,000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo samples for each of the 10 imputed data sets are presented in the form of cost-effectiveness ellipses on the cost-effectiveness planes. It can be observed that although the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios span all 4 quadrants, the largest proportion is in the southeast quadrant indicating intradialytic cycling is likely to be less costly and more effective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios estimated lie below the willingness to pay threshold line of £30,000 per QALY gained in (a) 73% and (b) 94%. The 3 confidence ellipses are labeled as 95% for the outer, 90% for the middle, and 80% for the inner. The confidence ellipses provide a visual display of the uncertainty around the point estimate of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).