Table 1A.
Baseline patient characteristics stratified by minority status.
| Total | Non-minority | Minority | p-value | Absolute standardized difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 6,352 | 4,848 | 1,504 | |||
| Age (years)* | 47.89 (1.63) | 49.66 (1.61) | 42.61 (1.65) | <0.001 | 0.313 | |
| Categorical age | 15–24 | 908 (14.3) | 613 (12.6) | 295 (19.6) | NA | 0.341 |
| 25–34 | 813 (12.8) | 567 (11.7) | 246 (16.4) | |||
| 35–44 | 700 (11.0) | 491 (10.1) | 209 (13.9) | |||
| 45–54 | 868 (13.7) | 672 (13.9) | 196 (13.0) | |||
| 55–64 | 946 (14.9) | 766 (15.8) | 180 (12.0) | |||
| 65–74 | 792 (12.5) | 656 (13.5) | 136 (9.0) | |||
| 75–84 | 743 (11.7) | 589 (12.1) | 154 (10.2) | |||
| 85+ | 582 (9.2) | 494 (10.2) | 88 (5.9) | |||
| Sex | Male | 4,353 (68.5) | 3,264 (67.3) | 1,089 (72.4) | <0.001 | 0.111 |
| Female | 1,999 (31.5) | 1,584 (32.7) | 415 (27.6) | |||
| Race | White | 4,866 (86.9) | 4,848 (100.0) | 18 (2.4) | NA | 9.012 |
| Black or African American | 100 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 100 (13.4) | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 59 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (7.9) | |||
| Asian | 142 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 142 (19.0) | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 346 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 346 (46.2) | |||
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian | 15 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (2.0) | |||
| Other | 69 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 69 (9.2) | |||
| Ethnicity | Not Hispanic or Latino | 5,976 (94.1) | 4,848 (100.0) | 773 (51.4) | <0.001 | 1.375 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 375 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 731 (48.6) | |||
| BMI* | 26.64 (1.23) | 26.74 (1.23) | 26.3 (1.23) | 0.097 | 0.080 | |
| Injury type | Blunt | 6130 (96.5) | 4706 (97.1) | 1424 (94.7) | <0.001 | 0.122 |
| Penetrating | 221 (3.5) | 141 (2.9) | 80 (5.3) | |||
| Mechanism of injury | Fall | 3006 (47.5) | 2416 (50.0) | 590 (39.3) | NA | 0.322 |
| Firearm | 146 (2.3) | 94 (1.9) | 52 (3.5) | |||
| Motor vehicle traffic—Motorcyclist | 272 (4.3) | 227 (4.7) | 45 (3.0) | |||
| Motor vehicle traffic—Occupant | 1,079 (17.0) | 765 (15.8) | 314 (20.9) | |||
| Motor vehicle traffic—Pedestrian | 397 (6.3) | 272 (5.6) | 125 (8.3) | |||
| Pedal cyclist, other | 287 (4.5) | 240 (5.0) | 47 (3.1) | |||
| Struck by, against | 511 (8.1) | 345 (7.1) | 166 (11.1) | |||
| Transport, other | 248 (3.9) | 201 (4.2) | 47 (3.1) | |||
| Other | 386 (6.1) | 270 (5.6) | 116 (7.7) | |||
| Work relatedness of injury | Work related | 226 (3.6) | 156 (3.2) | 70 (4.7) | 0.011 | 0.074 |
| Not work related | 6,125 (96.4) | 4,691 (96.8) | 1,434 (95.3) | |||
| GCS on ED presentation* | 11.12 (1.75) | 11.33 (1.72) | 10.44 (1.83) | <0.001 | 0.142 | |
| ISS* | 19.36 (1.58) | 19.14 (1.58) | 20.07 (1.6) | <0.001 | 0.102 | |
| AIS H&N | 3 | 2,721 (42.8) | 2,102 (43.4) | 619 (41.2) | 0.001 | 0.112 |
| 4 | 2,374 (37.4) | 1,836 (37.9) | 538 (35.8) | |||
| 5 | 1,238 (19.5) | 899 (18.5) | 339 (22.5) | |||
| 6 | 19 (0.3) | 11 (0.2) | 8 (0.5) | |||
| TBI severity | Mild | 4,010 (76.2) | 3,139 (77.8) | 871 (71.1) | <0.001 | 0.155 |
| Moderate | 323 (6.1) | 235 (5.8) | 88 (7.2) | |||
| Severe | 927 (17.6) | 661 (16.4) | 266 (21.7) | |||
| Transport mode | Ambulance | 4,880 (77.0) | 3,713 (76.9) | 1,167 (77.6) | 0.516 | 0.081 |
| Privately owned vehicle | 88 (1.4) | 68 (1.4) | 20 (1.3) | |||
| Walk in | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Helicopter | 891 (14.1) | 684 (14.2) | 207 (13.8) | |||
| Police or law enforcement | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Auto launch helicopter | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Other | 40 (0.6) | 35 (0.7) | 5 (0.3) | |||
| Fixed wing aircraft | 427 (6.7) | 323 (6.7) | 104 (6.9) | |||
| Advanced directives | Advance directive, directive to physicians, or living will | 174 (2.8) | 145 (3.0) | 29 (2.0) | 0.081 | 0.080 |
| Both advance directive AND POLST prior to injury | 41 (0.7) | 32 (0.7) | 9 (0.6) | |||
| No, neither advance directive nor POLST prior to injury | 5,863 (93.0) | 4,470 (92.5) | 1,393 (94.4) | |||
| POLST in effect prior to injury | 229 (3.6) | 184 (3.8) | 45 (3.0) | |||
| Operative status | Operative patient | 2,012 (31.7) | 1,493 (30.8) | 519 (34.5) | 0.008 | 0.079 |
| Non-operative patient | 4,337 (68.3) | 3,352 (69.2) | 985 (65.5) | |||
| Time to first OR visit (min)* | 963.07 (5.49) | 1048.08 (5.21) | 735.71 (6.27) | <0.001 | 0.203 | |
| Length of hospital stay (days)* | 3.85 (3.53) | 4.01 (3.3) | 3.37 (4.27) | <0.001 | 0.131 | |
| Length of ICU stay (days)* | 2.12 (2.92) | 2.16 (2.82) | 1.98 (3.24) | 0.007 | 0.082 | |
| Total hospital charges* | 44,689.2 (2.66) | 44,613.48 (2.63) | 44,934.16 (2.75) | 0.804 | 0.007 | |
| Primary payor | Vehicle insurance | 1,382 (21.8) | 988 (20.4) | 394 (26.2) | NA | 0.341 |
| Charity | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |||
| Commercial insurance | 1,832 (28.8) | 1,529 (31.5) | 303 (20.2) | |||
| Medicaid | 798 (12.6) | 559 (11.5) | 239 (15.9) | |||
| Medicare | 1,290 (20.3) | 1,038 (21.4) | 252 (16.8) | |||
| Other health insurance (VA) | 290 (4.6) | 216 (4.5) | 74 (4.9) | |||
| Self pay | 521 (8.2) | 354 (7.3) | 167 (11.1) | |||
| Ward of federal government | 29 (0.5) | 21 (0.4) | 8 (0.5) | |||
| Workman's compensation | 208 (3.3) | 143 (2.9) | 65 (4.3) | |||
| Secondary payor | Vehicle insurance | 412 (14.4) | 299 (13.7) | 113 (16.4) | NA | 0.225 |
| Charity | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Commercial insurance | 1,417 (49.4) | 1,119 (51.3) | 298 (43.3) | |||
| Medicaid | 642 (22.4) | 467 (21.4) | 175 (25.4) | |||
| Medicare | 195 (6.8) | 160 (7.3) | 35 (5.1) | |||
| Other health insurance (VA) | 198 (6.9) | 133 (6.1) | 65 (9.4) | |||
| Self pay | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |||
| Ward of federal government | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |||
| Workman's compensation | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Discharge disposition | Home | 3,737 (58.8) | 2,834 (58.5) | 903 (60.0) | NA | 0.256 |
| Expired | 630 (9.9) | 411 (8.5) | 219 (14.6) | |||
| Skilled nursing facility | 1,050 (16.5) | 866 (17.9) | 184 (12.2) | |||
| Acute care facility-hospital | 91 (1.4) | 79 (1.6) | 12 (0.8) | |||
| Rehabilitation facility | 321 (5.1) | 251 (5.2) | 70 (4.7) | |||
| Home health | 179 (2.8) | 139 (2.9) | 40 (2.7) | |||
| Hospice | 42 (0.7) | 36 (0.7) | 6 (0.4) | |||
| Court/law enforcement | 8 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) | |||
| Against medical advice | 71 (1.1) | 55 (1.1) | 16 (1.1) | |||
| Psychiatric hospital or unit | 7 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |||
| Long term acute care | 44 (0.7) | 34 (0.7) | 10 (0.7) | |||
| Institution not defined elsewhere | 162 (2.6) | 126 (2.6) | 36 (2.4) | |||
| Intermediate care facility | 10 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | |||
| Other | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Probability of survival | 0.92 (0.12) | 0.92 (0.12) | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.203 | 0.043 | |
| Deaths | Live | 5,722 (90.1) | 4,437 (91.5) | 1,285 (85.4) | <0.001 | 0.191 |
| Die | 630 (9.9) | 411 (8.5) | 219 (14.6) |
*
The values displayed are computed from the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation.
BMI, Body Mass Index; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; AIS H&N, Abbreviated Injury Score of the Head & Neck; TBI, Traumatic Brain Injury; POLST, Physicians Orders For Life-Sustaining Treatment; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; VA, Veterans Affairs.