Table 1B.
Patient characteristics stratified by minority status following propensity matching.
| Total | Non-minority | Minority | p-value | Absolute standardized difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 3,000 | 1,500 | 1,500 | |||
| Age (years)* | 43.1 (1.65) | 43.54 (1.65) | 42.66 (1.65) | 0.265 | 0.041 | |
| Categorical age | 15–24 | 568 (18.9) | 275 (18.3) | 293 (19.5) | NA | 0.120 |
| 25–34 | 494 (16.5) | 249 (16.6) | 245 (16.3) | |||
| 35–44 | 383 (12.8) | 174 (11.6) | 209 (13.9) | |||
| 45–54 | 396 (13.2) | 201 (13.4) | 195 (13.0) | |||
| 55–64 | 390 (13.0) | 210 (14.0) | 180 (12.0) | |||
| 65–74 | 293 (9.8) | 157 (10.5) | 136 (9.1) | |||
| 75–84 | 285 (9.5) | 131 (8.7) | 154 (10.3) | |||
| 85+ | 191 (6.4) | 103 (6.9) | 88 (5.9) | |||
| Sex | Male | 2,172 (72.4) | 1,087 (72.5) | 1,085 (72.3) | 0.967 | 0.003 |
| Female | 828 (27.6) | 413 (27.5) | 415 (27.7) | |||
| Race | White | 1,518 (67.6) | 1,500 (100.0) | 18 (2.4) | NA | 9.000 |
| Black or African American | 99 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 99 (13.3) | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 59 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (7.9) | |||
| Asian | 142 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 142 (19.0) | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 346 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 346 (46.3) | |||
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian | 15 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (2.0) | |||
| Other | 68 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 68 (9.1) | |||
| Ethnicity | Not Hispanic or Latino | 2,624 (87.5) | 1,500 (100.0) | 771 (51.4) | <0.001 | 1.375 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 375 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 729 (48.6) | |||
| BMI* | 26.57 (1.23) | 26.87 (1.23) | 26.31 (1.24) | 0.108 | 0.099 | |
| Injury type | Blunt | 2,853 (95.1) | 1,432 (95.5) | 1,421 (94.7) | 0.398 | 0.034 |
| Penetrating | 147 (4.9) | 68 (4.5) | 79 (5.3) | |||
| Mechanism of injury | Fall | 1,198 (39.9) | 608 (40.5) | 590 (39.3) | NA | 0.051 |
| Firearm | 104 (3.5) | 52 (3.5) | 52 (3.5) | |||
| Motor vehicle traffic—Motorcyclist | 87 (2.9) | 42 (2.8) | 45 (3.0) | |||
| Motor vehicle traffic—Occupant | 616 (20.5) | 303 (20.2) | 313 (20.9) | |||
| Motor vehicle traffic—Pedestrian | 253 (8.4) | 128 (8.5) | 125 (8.3) | |||
| Pedal cyclist, other | 91 (3.0) | 44 (2.9) | 47 (3.1) | |||
| Struck by, against | 341 (11.4) | 175 (11.7) | 166 (11.1) | |||
| Transport, other | 85 (2.8) | 38 (2.5) | 47 (3.1) | |||
| Other | 225 (7.5) | 110 (7.3) | 115 (7.7) | |||
| Work relatedness of injury | Work related | 129 (4.3) | 59 (3.9) | 70 (4.7) | 0.368 | 0.036 |
| Not work related | 2,870 (95.7) | 1,440 (96.1) | 1,430 (95.3) | |||
| GCS on ED presentation* | 10.62 (1.81) | 10.81 (1.8) | 10.43 (1.83) | 0.142 | 0.059 | |
| ISS* | 19.8 (1.6) | 19.52 (1.6) | 20.08 (1.6) | 0.101 | 0.060 | |
| AIS H&N | 3 | 1,239 (41.3) | 623 (41.5) | 616 (41.1) | 0.220 | 0.077 |
| 4 | 1,104 (36.8) | 566 (37.7) | 538 (35.9) | |||
| 5 | 646 (21.5) | 308 (20.5) | 338 (22.5) | |||
| 6 | 11 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 8 (0.5) | |||
| TBI severity | Mild | 1,780 (72.6) | 912 (74.1) | 868 (71.0) | 0.219 | 0.070 |
| Moderate | 169 (6.9) | 81 (6.6) | 88 (7.2) | |||
| Severe | 503 (20.5) | 237 (19.3) | 266 (21.8) | |||
| Transport mode | Ambulance | 2,312 (77.2) | 1,147 (76.7) | 1,165 (77.7) | 0.796 | 0.073 |
| Privately owned vehicle | 37 (1.2) | 17 (1.1) | 20 (1.3) | |||
| Walk in | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Helicopter | 419 (14.0) | 213 (14.2) | 206 (13.7) | |||
| Police or law enforcement | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Auto launch helicopter | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Other | 12 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) | 5 (0.3) | |||
| Fixed wing aircraft | 211 (7.0) | 108 (7.2) | 103 (6.9) | |||
| Advanced directives | Advance directive, directive to physicians, or living will | 62 (2.1) | 33 (2.2) | 29 (2.0) | 0.492 | 0.058 |
| Both advance directive AND POLST prior to injury | 13 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 9 (0.6) | |||
| No, neither advance directive nor POLST prior to injury | 2,805 (94.6) | 1,416 (94.8) | 1,389 (94.4) | |||
| POLST in effect prior to injury | 86 (2.9) | 41 (2.7) | 45 (3.1) | |||
| Operative status | Operative patient | 1,039 (34.6) | 522 (34.8) | 517 (34.5) | 0.848 | 0.007 |
| Non-operative patient | 1,960 (65.4) | 977 (65.2) | 983 (65.5) | |||
| Time to first OR visit (min)* | 871.31 (5.81) | 1012.32 (5.37) | 735.10 (6.23) | 0.005 | 0.183 | |
| Length of hospital stay (days)* | 3.8 (3.83) | 4.26 (3.4) | 3.38 (4.24) | <0.001 | 0.172 | |
| Length of ICU stay (days)* | 2.15 (3.08) | 2.34 (2.92) | 1.98 (3.24) | <0.001 | 0.150 | |
| Total hospital charges* | 46,051.76 (2.73) | 47,165.17 (2.71) | 44,964.63 (2.75) | 0.193 | 0.048 | |
| Primary payor | Vehicle insurance | 792 (26.4) | 398 (26.5) | 394 (26.3) | NA | 0.090 |
| Charity | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Commercial insurance | 589 (19.6) | 287 (19.1) | 302 (20.1) | |||
| Medicaid | 489 (16.3) | 251 (16.7) | 238 (15.9) | |||
| Medicare | 530 (17.7) | 278 (18.5) | 252 (16.8) | |||
| Other health insurance (VA) | 127 (4.2) | 53 (3.5) | 74 (4.9) | |||
| Self pay | 334 (11.1) | 167 (11.1) | 167 (11.1) | |||
| Ward of federal government | 17 (0.6) | 9 (0.6) | 8 (0.5) | |||
| Workman's compensation | 122 (4.1) | 57 (3.8) | 65 (4.3) | |||
| n | 3,000 | 1,500 | 1,500 | |||
| Age (years) | 48.41 (22.12) | 48.87 (22.13) | 47.96 (22.10) | 0.259 | 0.041 | |
| Categorical age | 15–24 | 568 (18.9) | 275 (18.3) | 293 (19.5) | NA | 0.120 |
| 25–34 | 494 (16.5) | 249 (16.6) | 245 (16.3) | |||
| 35–44 | 383 (12.8) | 174 (11.6) | 209 (13.9) | |||
| 45–54 | 396 (13.2) | 201 (13.4) | 195 (13.0) | |||
| 55–64 | 390 (13.0) | 210 (14.0) | 180 (12.0) | |||
| 65–74 | 293 (9.8) | 157 (10.5) | 136 (9.1) | |||
| 75–84 | 285 (9.5) | 131 (8.7) | 154 (10.3) | |||
| 85+ | 191 (6.4) | 103 (6.9) | 88 (5.9) | |||
| Sex | Male | 2,172 (72.4) | 1,087 (72.5) | 1,085 (72.3) | 0.967 | 0.003 |
| Female | 828 (27.6) | 413 (27.5) | 415 (27.7) | |||
| Race | White | 1,518 (67.6) | 1,500 (100.0) | 18 (2.4) | NA | 9.000 |
| Black or African American | 99 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 99 (13.3) | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 59 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (7.9) | |||
| Asian | 142 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 142 (19.0) | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 346 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 346 (46.3) | |||
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian | 15 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (2.0) | |||
| Other | 68 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 68 (9.1) | |||
| Ethnicity | Not Hispanic or Latino | 2,624 (87.5) | 1,500 (100.0) | 771 (51.4) | <0.001 | 1.375 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 375 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 729 (48.6) | |||
| BMI | 27.18 (5.91) | 27.47 (5.96) | 26.91 (5.85) | 0.123 | 0.095 | |
| Injury type | Blunt | 2,853 (95.1) | 1,432 (95.5) | 1,421 (94.7) | 0.398 | 0.034 |
| Penetrating | 147 (4.9) | 68 (4.5) | 79 (5.3) | |||
| Mechanism of injury | Fall | 1,198 (39.9) | 608 (40.5) | 590 (39.3) | NA | 0.051 |
| Firearm | 104 (3.5) | 52 (3.5) | 52 (3.5) |
The values displayed are computed from the geometric mean geometric standard deviation.
BMI, Body Mass Index; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; AIS H&N, Abbreviated Injury Score of the Head & Neck; TBI, Traumatic Brain Injury; POLST, Physicians Orders For Life-Sustaining Treatment; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; VA, Veterans Affairs.