Table 1.
Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression analysis showing predictors of stigma associated with COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Indonesia (no stigma vs. stigma) (n = 288)
| Variable | n (%) | No Stigma n (%) |
Unadjusted | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P–value | OR (95% CI) | P–value | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (Reference group, R) | 100 (34.7) | 80 (80.0) | 1 | |||
| Female | 188 (65.3) | 145 (77.1) | 0.84 (0.46 – 1.53) | 0.575 | ||
| Age group (year) | ||||||
| 30 or less (R) | 172 (59.7) | 136 (79.0) | 1 | |||
| More than 30 | 116 (40.3) | 89 (76.7) | 0.87 (0.50 – 1.54) | 0.637 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single (R) | 118 (41.0) | 97 (82.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 170 (59.0) | 128 (75.3) | 0.66 (0.37 – 1.19) | 0.165 | 0.74 (0.31 – 1.76) | 0.496 |
| Healthcare professional group | ||||||
| Doctor (R) | 133 (46.2) | 119 (89.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Nurses | 109 (37.8) | 77 (70.6) | 0.28 (0.14 – 0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.09 (0.03 – 0.25) | < 0.001 |
| Others | 46 (16.0) | 29 (63.0) | 0.20 (0.09 – 0.45) | < 0.001 | 0.19 (0.07 – 0.53) | 0.002 |
| Medical practice experience (years) | ||||||
| Less than 5 years (R) | 177 (61.5) | 146 (82.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 5-10 years | 54 (18.8) | 36 (66.7) | 0.43 (0.21 – 0.84) | 0.014 | 0.80 (0.31 – 2.08) | 0.644 |
| More than 10 years | 57 (19.8) | 43 (75.4) | 0.65 (0.32 – 1.34) | 0.243 | 1.81 (0.57 – 5.75) | 0.316 |
| Experienced any outbreak prior to survey | ||||||
| No (R) | 269 (93.4) | 208 (77.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 19 (6.6) | 17 (89.5) | 2.49 (0.56 – 11.09) | 0.230 | 2.21 (0.34 – 14.54) | 0.408 |
| Have participated in any COVID-19-related training course | ||||||
| No (R) | 250 (86.8) | 199 (79.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 38 (13.2) | 26 (68.4) | 0.56 (0.26 – 1.18) | 0.124 | 0.19 (0.07 – 0.54) | 0.002 |
| Keep up to date on the latest information about case definitions for COVID-19 | ||||||
| No (R) | 57 (19.8) | 41 (71.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 231 (80.2) | 184 (79.6) | 1.53 (0.79 – 2.96) | 0.209 | 0.76 (0.31 – 1.90) | 0.562 |
| Location of workplace | ||||||
| Regency (R) | 148 (51.4) | 101 (68.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Province | 140 (48.6) | 124 (88.6) | 3.61 (1.93 – 6.74) | <0.001 | 3.12 (1.27 – 7.68) | 0.013 |
| Type of workplace | ||||||
| Private hospital (R) | 63 (21.9) | 59 (93.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Public hospital | 225 (78.1) | 166 (73.8) | 0.19 (0.07 – 0.55) | 0.002 | 0.05 (0.02 – 0.19) | < 0.001 |
| Department | ||||||
| Emergency department (R) | 112 (38.9) | 84 (75.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ICU | 18 (6.3) | 12 (66.7) | 0.67 (0.23 – 1.94) | 0.457 | 0.95 (0.23 – 3.88) | 0.940 |
| Outpatient department | 53 (18.4) | 44 (83.0) | 1.63 (0.71 – 3.76) | 0.252 | 2.28 (0.75 – 6.91) | 0.146 |
| Infection department | 37 (12.8) | 36 (97.2) | 12.00 (1.57 – 91.60) | 0.017 | 8.97 (0.92 – 87.16) | 0.059 |
| Other departments including lab and pharmacy | 68 (23.6) | 49 (72.0) | 0.86 (0.44 – 1.70) | 0.663 | 0.44 (0.17 – 1.61) | 0.097 |
| The workplace has a protocol of triage and isolation for suspected COVID-19 patients | ||||||
| No (R) | 72 (25.0) | 44 (61.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 216 (75.0) | 181 (83.8) | 3.29 (1.81 – 5.97) | < 0.001 | 3.47 (1.52 – 7.93) | 0.003 |
| Knowledge of COVID-19 | ||||||
| Poor (R) | 139 (48.3) | 100 (71.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Good | 149 (51.7) | 125 (83.9) | 2.03 (1.15 – 3.60) | 0.015 | 1.00 (0.47 – 2.11) | 0.994 |