Table 2.
Association between socio-demographic, knowledge, behavior factors and gingivitis prevalence according to univariate logistic regression analysis
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||
| Age (year) | 0.002 | |
| 12 | Ref. | |
| 13 | 1.040 (0.902, 1.198) | 0.591 |
| 14 | 1.315 (1.145, 1.510) | < 0.001 |
| 15 | 1.160 (1.009, 1.335) | 0.037 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | Ref. | |
| Female | 0.898 (0.813, 0.991) | 0.032 |
| Area | ||
| Urban | Ref. | |
| Rural | 0.950 (0.862, 1.048) | 0.309 |
| Only child | ||
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 0.899 (0.801, 1.008) | 0.068 |
| Father’s Education level | 0.248 | |
| ≤ 9 years | Ref. | |
| 10–12 years | 0.934 (0.820, 1.064) | 0.306 |
| ≥ 13 years | 0.929 (0.786, 1.096) | 0.382 |
| Unclear | 0.979 (0.845. 1.134) | 0.776 |
| Mother’s Education level | 0.095 | |
| ≤ 9 years | Ref. | |
| 10–12 years | 0.939 (0.812, 1.085) | 0.392 |
| ≥ 13 years | 0.868 (0.725, 1.039) | 0.123 |
| Unclear | 0.985 (0.851, 1.140) | 0.839 |
| Oral health knowledge | ||
| Bleeding from brushing is normal | ||
| Incorrect answer | Ref. | |
| Correct answer | 0.892 (0.802, 0.992) | 0.035 |
| Bacteria can cause gingivitis | ||
| Incorrect answer | Ref. | |
| Correct answer | 1.036 (0.931, 1.154) | 0.513 |
| Brushing does not prevent gingivitis | ||
| Incorrect answer | Ref. | |
| Correct answer | 1.090 (0.978, 1.215) | 0.119 |
| Oral diseases may affect general health | ||
| Incorrect answer | Ref. | |
| Correct answer | 1.004 (0.909, 1.109) | 0.932 |
| Oral health behaviours | ||
| Daily frequency of tooth brushing | ||
| < 2 times/day | Ref. | |
| ≥ 2 times/day | 0.908 (0.823, 1.002) | 0.056 |
| Dental floss | ||
| Non daily | Ref. | |
| Daily | 0.868 (0.737, 1.022) | 0.089 |
| Smoking | ||
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.190 (0.966, 1.466) | 0.102 |
| Regular annual dental check-ups | ||
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 0.888 (0.790, 1.000) | 0.049 |
| Eating sugar and sweet food | ||
| Once a day or less | Ref. | |
| More than once a day | 0.913 (0.827, 1.008) | 0.072 |
| DMFT | 0.712 | |
| 0 | Ref. | |
| 0–1 | 1.038 (0.905, 1.191) | 0.593 |
| ≥ 1 | 0.975 (0.872, 1.090) | 0.652 |
| Calculus level* | < 0.001 | |
| ≤ 10% | Ref. | |
| > 10% and ≤ 30% | 5.187 (4.623, 5.819) | < 0.001 |
| > 30% | 13.464 (10.798, 16.788) | < 0.001 |
*According to the proportion of calculus score, the calculus level was divided into ≤ 10%, > 10% and ≤ 30%, > 30%