Table 1.

Characteristics of the Included Studies

	First auther/ year	Type of study	country	GDM/ control	age (year) GDM/ control	BMI (kg/m2) GDM/ control	Diagnostic criteria	sample type
1	White SL 2017	cohort	UK	198/ 448	31.5 ± 4.6 30.5 ± 5.6	36.1 (33.0–39.4) 34.7 (32.6–38.5)	IADPSG	plasma, serum or whole blood FFAs
2	Chen XH 2019	cohort	USA	81/ 1287	26.01 ± 6.05 21.90 ± 5.03	30.08 ± 6.42 25.37 ± 6.21	Carpenter/Coustan	plasma FFAs
3	Chen XH 2010	nested case-control	USA	49/ 98	25.63 ± 0.81 21.29 ± 0.54	30.76 ± 0.93 25.40 ± 0.56	Carpenter/Coustan	serum FFAs
4	Li XP 2020	nested case-control	China	305/ 305	30.6 ± 4.4 30.1 ± 4.1	22.4 ± 3.2 20.5 ± 2.6	IADPSG	plasma FFAs
5	Enquobahrie DA 2015	nested case-control	USA	178/ 180	34.0 ± 4.8 33.1 ± 4.3	26.7 ± 7.2 23.4 ± 5.3	Carpenter/Coustan	Serum FFAs
6	Lehmann R 2015	case-control	Germany	9/ 15	32 ± 1 30 ± 1	29.8 ± 2.5 25.6 ± 0.8	IADPSG	plasma FFAs
7	Burlina S 2016	case-control	Italy	21/ 21	33.9 ± 3.9 33.2 ± 4.6	24.6 ± 6.2 22.8 ± 4.0	Carpenter/Coustan	Plasma phospholipid fatty acids
8	Wijendran V 1999	case-control	Hartford, CT	15/ 15	32.13 ± 3.253 29.33 ± 3.99	25.95 ± 5.89 23.30 ± 2.98	O’Sullivan and Mahan	plasma phospholipid fatty acids
9	Zhu YY 2019	nested case-control	California	107/ 214	30.5 ± 5.7 30.4 ± 5.4	–	Carpenter/Coustan	plasma phospholipid fatty acids
10	Min YJ 2006	case-control	Korea	12/ 12	31.5 ± 4.4 28.3 ± 2.8	21.4 ± 2.6 21.0 ± 1.7	National Diabetes Data Group Criteria	plasma phospholipid fatty acids
11	Kumatani S 2019	cohort	Japan	17/ 188	–	–	–	plasma FFAs
12	Johansen NJ 2018	–	Denmark	9/ 6	31 ± 6 28 ± 3	31.6 ± 6.4 29.7 ± 5.4	–	plasma FFAs
13	De La Garza Puentes A 2016	Population based cohort	Spain	44/ 135	–	–	–	plasma phospholipid fatty acids
14	Muñoz-Nava, M. A. 2018	–	Mexico	50/ 50	–	–	–	serum FFAs
15	Poole A 2015	cohort	Galvestone, TX	7/ 6	33.6 ± 5.9 28.3 ± 5.2	41 ± 11.4 38 ± 6.2	–	serum FFAs