Table 3.
Bivariate analysis showing the proportion of children age 6–59 months who had anthropometric failures by a child and maternal background characteristics, EDHS 2005, 2011, 2016
| Variables | 2005 EDHS | 2011 EDHS | 2016 EDHS | Pooled data | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
p-value/ percent |
n |
p-value/ percent |
n |
p-value/ percent |
n |
p-value/ percent |
n | |
| Sex of child | 0.175 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Male | 54.99 | 1,075 | 52.79 | 2,539 | 47.9 | 2137 | 51.9 | 5751 |
| Female | 52.81 | 997 | 48.87 | 2,269 | 44.0 | 1890 | 48.5 | 5156 |
| Age of child | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| 0-5 m | 16.51 | 54 | 26.67 | 264 | 27.6 | 252 | 23.6 | 570 |
| 6-11 m | 41.86 | 162 | 34.28 | 327 | 31.5 | 300 | 35.9 | 789 |
| 12-23 m | 62.77 | 472 | 52.87 | 931 | 47.4 | 842 | 54.3 | 2245 |
| 24-35 m | 59.33 | 445 | 60.67 | 1,120 | 55.2 | 937 | 58.4 | 2502 |
| 36 and above | 57.71 | 939 | 55.51 | 2,166 | 49.6 | 1696 | 54.3 | 4801 |
| Had cough in last two weeks | 0.033 | 0.100 | 0.088 | |||||
| Yes | 50.08 | 1,753 | 52.53 | 1,018 | 48.0 | 696 | 50.2 | 3467 |
| No | 54.68 | 319 | | 50.43 | 3,790 | 45.6 | 3331 | 50.2 | 7440 |
| Had fever in last two weeks | 0.727 | 0.000 | 0.008 | |||||
| Yes | 53.32 | 377 | | 54.62 | 1,028 | 49.4 | 620 | 52.4 | 2025 |
| No | 54.05 | 1,695 | 49.93 | 3,780 | 45.4 | 3047 | 49.8 | 8522 |
| Had diarrhea recently | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.021 | |||||
| Yes | 50.08 | 319 | 55.74 | 820 | 49.4 | 497 | 51.7 | 1636 |
| No | 54.68 | 1,753 | 49.96 | 3,988 | 45.6 | 3530 | 50.1 | 9271 |
| Birth weight | 0.037 | 0.002 | 0.000 | |||||
| Low < 2500 | 40.00 | 12 | 36.27 | 37 | 46.0 | 93 | 40.8 | 142 |
| Normal > = 2500 | 22.59 | 54 | 22.60 | 174 | 30.4 | 480 | 25.2 | 708 |
| Age of mother at first birth | 0.117 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| < 20 | 54.95 | 1,549 | 52.19 | 3,560 | 47.8 | 3018 | 51.6 | 8127 |
| 20–34 | 51.18 | 520 | 47.38 | 1,232 | 41.4 | 1004 | 46.7 | 2756 |
| 35–49 | 50.00 | 2 | 62.50 | 10 | 25.0 | 5 | 45.8 | 17 |
| Breastfeeding Initiation | 0.080 | 0.031 | 0.155 | |||||
| Within an hour | 53.92 | 957 | 48.46 | 1,720 | 43.8 | 1890 | 48.7 | 4567 |
| After an hour | 47.75 | 191 | 50.27 | 835 | 46.8 | 552 | 48.3 | 1578 |
| After one day | 52.00 | 182 | 52.73 | 657 | 195 | 42.9 | 49.2 | 1034 |
| Place of delivery | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Health facilities | 28.80 | 106 | 31.39 | 382 | 35.8 | 995 | 31.9 | 1483 |
| At home | 56.60 | 1,937 | 53.67 | 4,362 | 50.8 | 2981 | 53.7 | 9280 |
| Other places | 57.14 | 28 | 62.37 | 58 | 49.5 | 51 | 56.3 | 137 |
| Birth order | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| 1st | 48.53 | 627 | 46.43 | 1,579 | 42.3 | 1367 | 45.8 | 3573 |
| 3–4 | 55.90 | 597 | 53.00 | 1,380 | 45.3 | 1089 | 51.4 | 3066 |
| 5 and more | 57.27 | 847 | | 53.70 | 1,843 | 50.4 | 1571 | 53.8 | 4261 |
| Residence | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| urban | 32.58 | 172 | 32.94 | 499 | 31.8 | 512 | 36.0 | 1183 |
| Rural | 57.35 | 1,899 | 54.32 | 4,303 | 49.2 | 3515 | 53.6 | 9717 |
| Household size | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.000 | |||||
| 1–4 | 50.56 | 448 | 48.87 | 1,123 | 42.5 | 1008 | 47.3 | 2579 |
| 5–9 | 55.69 | 1,493 | 51.93 | 3,317 | 47.2 | 2752 | 51.6 | 1562 |
| 10 and more | 47.79 | 130 | 48.20 | 362 | 48.5 | 267 | 48.1 | 759 |
| Mothers BMI | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Thin | 58.27 | 511 | 56.99 | 1,410 | 53.7 | 1103 | 56.3 | 3024 |
| Normal | 53.87 | 1,490 | 50.38 | 3,206 | 45.9 | 2664 | 50.1 | 7360 |
| Overweight | 35.71 | 70 | 31.05 | 186 | 26.3 | 215 | 31.0 | 471 |
| Mother educational level | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| No education | 58.15 | 1,705 | 54.76 | 3,598 | 50.83 | 232 | 54.6 | 5535 |
| Primary | 47.36 | 296 | 45.67 | 1,097 | 42.43 | 2,834 | 45.0 | 1409 |
| Secondary and above | 24.82 | 70 | 23.06 | 107 | 25.33 | 961 | 24.4 | 379 |
| Wealth index | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Poorest | 60.51 | 599 | 57.70 | 1,679 | 53.6 | 1682 | 57.3 | 3960 |
| Poorer | 59.83 | 429 | 56.89 | 995 | 51.8 | 794 | 56.2 | 2218 |
| Middle | 56.91 | 391 | 52.35 | 814 | 46.6 | 588 | 52.0 | 1793 |
| Richer | 53.19 | 358 | 49.58 | 772 | 40.4 | 446 | 47.7 | 1576 |
| Richest | 38.08 | 294 | | 32.53 | 542 | 30.0 | 517 | 33.5 | 1353 |
| Current marital status | 0.424 | 0.095 | 0.895 | |||||
| Currently not in union | 56.43 | 136 | 54.08 | 345 | 46.3 | 224 | 52.3 | 705 |
| Currently in union | 53.78 | 1,935 | 50.65 | 457 | 45.9 | 3803 | 50.1 | 6195 |
| Preceding birth interval | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| ≤ 24 months | 60.88 | 445 | 56.02 | 1,014 | 51.4 | 892 | 56.1 | 2351 |
| > 24 months | 54.05 | 1,320 | 50.72 | 2,956 | 45.5 | 2407 | 50.01 | 6683 |
| ANC visit | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Yes | 44.04 | 377 | 42.31 | 1,226 | 41.4 | 1690 | 42.6 | 3293 |
| No | 57.09 | 962 | 55.61 | 1,993 | 50.1 | 1010 | 54.3 | 3965 |
| Source of drinking water | 0.283 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| unimproved source | 49.14 | 114 | 54.83 | 2,555 | 49.9 | 1710 | 51.3 | 4379 |
| Improved source | 52.84 | 1,154 | 47.04 | 2,232 | 43.5 | 2314 | 47.8 | 5700 |
| No of children under five years in the household | 0.225 | 0.012 | 0.000 | |||||
| 1 | 51.02 | 425 | 51.05 | 1,556 | 42.7 | 1313 | 48.3 | 3321 |
| 2 | 54.38 | 633 | 51.94 | 2,314 | 49.4 | 1929 | 51.9 | 4876 |
| 3 | 50.60 | 211 | 47.84 | 876 | | 43.9 | 755 | 47.4 | 1842 |
| Husband/partner’s education | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| No education | 58.43 | 821 | 56.45 | 2,749 | 52.02 | 2,069 | 56.6 | 5639 |
| Primary | 52.55 | 309 | 48.74 | 1,702 | 43.48 | 1,197 | 48.3 | 3208 |
| Secondary and above | 31.34 | 139 | 31.78 | 321 | 34.17 | 505 | 32.4 | 965 |