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. 2021 Jun 2;12:672796. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672796

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Copyright © 2021 Moerings, de Graaff, Furber, Witkamp, Debets, Mes, van Bergenhenegouwen and Govers

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Beta-glucans induced training and increase resilience in both trained immunity protocols. The protocols of the in vitro training and resilience model for (A–D) are schematically depicted in Figure 1 and described in the legend to Figure 1 , with the adjustment that 50 ng/ml M-CSF was added to step I-III for (C) and (D) Results from training (A) and induced resilience (B) when applying the established protocol and training (C) and induced resilience (D) when applying the controlled M-CSF-mediated macrophage differentiation protocol are shown in a bar graph as average pg/ml TNF-α ± SD of n = 5 different donors. Data was analyzed with paired Student’s t test and statistical significances were indicated: *P < 0.05 compared to the medium control; **P < 0.01 compared to the medium control; ^#P < 0.05 compared to the LPS control.