Figure 4.

Yeast-b, zymosan, curdlan, yWGP and yeast-a induced training and/or resilience in the macrophages model with continuous exposure. Monocytes were treated as depicted in Figure 3A . Monocytes were exposed to medium from days 1 to 6, or trained with 5 μg/ml β-glucans from days 2 to 6, before testing the training effect by challenging them with 10 ng/ml LPS at day 7 for 24 h (A, B). Alternatively, to test induced resilience, monocytes were challenged with LPS at day 1, from days 2 to day 6 cells were cultured in medium or with 5 μg/ml β-glucans and challenged with 10 ng/ml LPS at day 7 for 24 h (C, D). Supernatants of conditioned media were collected and TNF-α (A, C) and IL6 (B, D) measured by ELISA. Results are shown in a bar graph as average pg/ml cytokine ± SD of n = 6 different donors. Data was analyzed with paired Student’s t test and statistical significances were indicated: *P < 0.05 compared to the no β-glucan (medium) control; **P < 0.01 compared to the medium control; ^#P < 0.05 compared to the LPS control. ***P < 0.001 compared to the medium control.