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. 2021 Jun 2;12:672796. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672796

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Copyright © 2021 Moerings, de Graaff, Furber, Witkamp, Debets, Mes, van Bergenhenegouwen and Govers

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The induction of training and resilience in macrophages by various β-glucans affects NO and lactate secretion. Human monocytes were trained (A, C) and resilience was induced (B, D) as described in the legend to Figure 3 . Nitric oxide (A, B) was determined before challenging the macrophages with LPS at day 7 and lactate (C, D) release was determined after day 7 of LPS challenge. NO and lactate levels were determined in the supernatant and shown as percentages relative to non-treated macrophages (medium is set at 100%). Results are shown in bar graphs as average ± SD of n = 3-5 different donors. Data was analyzed with paired Student’s t test and statistical significances were indicated: *P < 0.05 compared to the no β-glucan (medium) control; **P < 0.01 compared to the medium control.