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Comparison of carboxylate (acetate, propionate, n-butyrate, n-valerate, and n-caproate) production from lactate in four phases. Asterisks indicate P values of <0.05 (*), 0.01 (**), and 0.001 (***). Phase 1, 16 to 180 days (HRT, 15 days); phase 2, 181 to 385 days (HRT, 15 days); phase 3, 408 to 635 days (HRT, 8 days); phase 4, 636 to 752 days (HRT, 8 days).
