Fig. 5. WGS reactions over the Cu/CeO₂ interface via LH and MvK mechanisms. (a) Potential energy diagrams of WGS reactions by monolayered Cu₁₄/CeO₂(111) with two O spillover and Cu₁₄–2VO/CeO₂(111) with the removal of two O spillover, respectively. The O_sp. represents the spilled-over O up on the Cu cluster. (b) The corresponding Arrhenius plots of the rate of WGS reactions. (c) The corresponding WGS conversions.