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Superoxide dismutase-like and catalase-like activity of cerium ions (Ce3+ and Ce4+) in cerium oxide nanoparticles. Cerium in Ce3+ oxidation state preferentially behaves as a superoxide dismutase-like enzyme and catalyzes the conversion of superoxide (O2•−) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) while, cerium in Ce4+ oxidation state behaves as a catalase-like activity and converts H2O2 into water (H2O)
