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Role of sex hormones in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The AR signaling could induce TECs apoptosis and necrosis and kidney tubular injury, promote COM crystallization and oxalate biosynthesis; however, macrophage recruitment and crystal phagocytosis are inhibited. Conversely, ER signaling can reduce ROS-mediated kidney tubular injury and COM crystallization. COM, calcium oxalate monohydrate; AR, androgen receptor; ER, estrogen receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
