Figure 1.

Overview of existing computational approaches, achievements, challenges, and their potential future directions in AF management. Both mechanistic and data-driven models are available and currently being used to study the AF pathophysiology (blue box) and improve AF clinical care (yellow box). However, several limitations exist (red box) that need to be resolved, e.g. through experimental and technological advances. By overcoming these limitations, demonstrating clinical benefit in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and improving ease of use, computational modelling can improve AF management.