Figure 2.

Timeline of milestones in multiscale mechanistic modelling of atrial electrophysiology. The subcellular spatial models of human atria are depicted in yellow, the cellular models in blue/grey, and the tissue/organ-level (whole atria) models in red. Two of the earliest electrophysiological models are shown in grey. As displayed in the figure, the model complexity and prominence has increased over the year, from covering only four ionic currents in 1977 to advanced patient-specific whole-atria models and detailed models of subcellular calcium handling in 2020.