FIGURE 2.

CHIP and epigenetic age acceleration identify persons at high risk of all‐cause mortality and development of coronary heart disease (CHD). (a) Scatterplot of correlation between AgeAccelGrim and AgeAccelHannum in all cohorts. (b, c) Forest plots showing hazard ratios, confidence intervals, and p‐values for Cox proportional hazard models of all‐cause mortality (b) and development of CHD (c) in persons from FHS, JHS, and WHI. All models included chronological age, race, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes status and smoking status as covariates. Top two sections show the overall effect size of CHIP and age acceleration and bottom section shows effect sizes based on dividing persons into four groups based upon presence of CHIP and age acceleration. The results in c are a meta‐analysis of events in FHS, JHS, WHI EMPC (unselected for CHD), and WHI BA23 (case‐control study for CHD). (d, e) Cumulative incidence plots of death (d) and CHD (e) in persons divided into groups by the presence of CHIP (CHIP+/CHIP−) and age acceleration (AgeAccelHG+/AgeAccelHG−). The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of persons in each group for these analyses. Only persons over 65 and free of CHD at baseline were used in d and e, while all persons were used for b and c. (f) Cumulative incidence plot of death in persons with incident CHD after age 70. Individuals who died less than 30 days after CHD were excluded