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(b) ESEM for biological cells
| Nanomaterials | Properties | End-effectors | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wild type yeast cells | Single cell adhesion force | Nanofork | [46, 47] |
| Cell-cell adhesion force | Nanopicker | [48] | |
| Cell-surface adhesion force | Flat AFM cantilever tips | [49, 50] | |
| Stiffness, viscoelastic properties | Soft buckling nanoneedles | [51–55] | |
|
| |||
| Microbead and biological cell | Cell detachment force | FIB etched AFM cantilever | [56] |
