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(b) ESEM for biological cells
| Nanomaterials | Properties | End-effectors | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| W303 yeast cells | Single cell electrical conductivity | Dual nanoprobes | [94] |
| W303 yeast cells | Single pulse current measurement | ESEM nanomanipulator system | [95] |
| Human embryonic kidney cell | Current response to indentation force | Robot-assisted AFM manipulation system | [96] |
