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. 2021 Apr 28;46(8):1535–1543. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01011-8

Fig. 2. NE, but not noradrenergic-derived galanin, is required for anxiety-like behavior immediately following foot shock stress.

Fig. 2

a Dbh−/−, GalcKO-Dbh, and their respective littermate controls (Dbh+/− and WT) received 20 min of foot shock (“Stress”) or no foot shock (“No stress”) and were tested in the elevated zero maze (EZM) immediately afterward. A separate group of mice received foot shock or no foot shock, and blood was collected immediately afterward for CORT measurements. b Dbh+/−, but not Dbh−/− mice, showed a significant decrease in the percent time spent in the open segments of the EZM immediately after foot shock stress. c Both GalcKO-Dbh and their WT littermates showed a significant decrease in the percent time spent in the open segments in the EZM immediately after foot shock stress. Dbh−/− and GalcKO-Dbh mice showed increases in plasma CORT immediately following the foot shock stress (d, e) and similar freezing behavior during the foot shock stress (f, g) as their respective controls. n = 5–8 mice per group for CORT analysis. n = 8–9 mice per group for behavior. Error bars show SEM. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.