Fig. 1. Interactions between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the development of type 1 diabetes.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis causes the disassembly of tight junctions, thereby disrupting the integrity of the intestinal barrier and allowing unregulated passage of environmental pathogens such as microbes and their products. The translocated pathogens could be taken up by antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, which can process and present antigens to autoreactive T cells and subsequently promote the destruction of pancreatic beta cells in genetically predisposed individuals. DC dendritic cells, SCFAs short-chain fatty acids.