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. 2021 Jun 16;12:3674. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23938-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

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Fig. 8 — Gray arrows show epidemiological transitions. Red dashed boxes indicate compartments contributing to the forces of infection. The model is age-structured and involves an extended SEIR-type framework. Vaccinated persons may experience behavior compensation post-vaccination modeled as a return to pre-pandemic contact rates among vaccinated persons as compared to unvaccinated persons who may continue to have reduced contact rates due to control measures. The vaccine has three effects: (i) reduction in susceptibility of vaccinated relative to unvaccinated (VE_S); (ii) reduction in infectivity of vaccinated relative to unvaccinated (VE_I, see Eqs. (3) and (4)); (iii) reduction in hospitalization rate of vaccinated relative to unvaccinated (VE_H).