Table 4.

Macroscopic and histological placental observations in stillbirths.

Macroscopic and histological observations	Total (n = 341)	Antepartum (n = 313)	Intrapartum (n = 28)
Umbilical cord
Cord insertion
Marginal	7/341 (2.0%)	5/313 (1.6%)	2/28 (7.1%)
Velamentous	11/341 (3.2%)	8/313 (2.6%)	3/28 (10.7%)
Number of cord vessels
3	335/341 (98.2%)	308/313 (98.4%)	27/28 (96.4%)
2	6/341 (1.8%)	5/313 (1.6%)	1/28 (3.6%)
Cord knots	4/341 (1.2%)	4/313 (1.3%)	0
Cord hyper helix	48/341 (14.1%)	47/313 (15.0%)	1/28 (3.6%)
Torsion of cord	15/341 (4.4%)	12/313 (3.8%)	3/28 (10.7%)
Cord entanglement	38/341 (11.1%)	38/313 (12.1%)	0
Cord rupture	2/341 (0.6%)	2/313 (0.6%)	0
Rupture of cord vessels	8/341 (2.3%)	4/313 (1.3%)	4/28 (14.3%)
Short umbilical cord	5/341 (1.5%)	5/313 (1.6%)	0
Cord entangled by amniotic band	1/341 (0.3%)	1/313 (0.3%)	0
Cord atresia	1/341 (0.3%)	1/313 (0.3%)	0
Cord cyst	1/341 (0.3%)	1/313 (0.3%)	0
Cord congestion	19/341 (5.6%)	19/313 (6.0%)	0
Cord edema	15/341 (4.4%)	15/313 (4.8%)	0
Cord necrosis	5/341 (1.5%)	5/313 (1.6%)	0
Edema degeneration of cord interstitium	1/341 (0.3%)	1/313 (0.3%)	0
Placenta
Chorioamnionitis	26/64 (40.6%)	25/60 (41.7%)	1/4 (25%)
Retroplacental hematoma	4/64 (6.3%)	4/60 (6.7%)	0
Placental infarction	12/64 (18.8%)	11/60 (18.3%)	1/4 (25%)
Intervillous fibrin	14/64 (21.9%)	11/60 (18.3%)	3/4 (75%)
Intervillous thrombi	1/64 (1.6%)	1/60 (1.7%)	0
Villous calcification	25/64 (39.1%)	23/60 (38.3%)	2/4 (50%)
Villous maturation retardation	8/64 (12.5%)	7/60 (11.7%)	1/4 (25%)
Villous necrosis	4/64 (6.35)	4/60 (6.7%)	0
Villous degeneration	2/64 (3.1%)	2/60 (3.3%)	0
Villous hematoma	3/64 (4.7%)	2/60 (3.3%)	1/4 (25%)
Increased of villous syncytial nodules	10/64 (15.6%)	9/60 (15%)	1/4 (25%)
Interstitial villous vessels congestion	1/64 (1.6%)	1/60 (1.7%)	0
Stenosis of villus space	1/64 (1.6%)	1/60 (1.7%)	0

Data are n/N (%).