Table 3.

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis for BSA, (a) percentages of oxide elements (%) and (b) percentages of non-oxides element (%).

(a) Percentage of oxides element (%)	Chemical formula	Current research	Mohamad21	Kanning et al.15	Beddu et al.17 and Abd Manan et al.23			ASTM24
		BSA	Banana skin powder	Banana leaves ash	Fly ash	Bottom ash	OPC	Class F fly ash	Class C fly ash
Silicon dioxide	SiO2	14.6222	55.98	48.7	46.8	50.75	20.6	52	35
Magnesium oxide	MgO	8.891	1.08		1.15	0.34	2.2	–	–
Sulphur trioxide	SO3	1.817	0.10		0.53	0.75	2.7	0.8	4.1
Calcium oxide	CaO	4.12	8.95		3.32	7.37	62.9	5	21
Potassium oxide	K2O	51.977	28.75		1.34	2.68	0.5	2.0	0.7
Aluminium oxide	Al2O3	0.256	2.71	2.6	18.41	17.91	4.4	23	18
Iron (II) oxide	Fe2O3	0.211	1.36	1.4	6.08	17.94	3.3	11	6
Phosphorus pentoxide	P2O5	4.728
Zinc oxide	ZnO	4.711
Manganese (II) oxide	MnO	0.728
Dysprosium (III) oxide	Dy2O3	0.207
Rubidium oxide	Rb2O	0.077
Barium oxide	BaO	0.039
Strontium oxide	SrO	0.038
Praseodymium (III) oxide	Pr2O3	0.037
Yttrium oxide	Y2O3	0.003
Sodium oxide	Na2O	-		0.21

(b) Percentage of non-oxides element (%)			Chemical formula			Current research			Anwanhange et al.26
Potassium			K			43.149			39.9
Oxygen			O			26.398
Chlorine			Cl			7.4952
Silicon			Si			6.8347
Magnesium			Mg			5.3615
Zinc			Zn			3.7847
Calcium			Ca			2.9443			9.7
Phosphorus			P			2.0635
Sulfur			S			0.72751
Manganese			Mn			0.56355			38.3
Dysprosium			Dy			0.18079
Iron			Fe			0.14779			0.3
Aluminium			Al			0.13534
Rubidium			Rb			0.070671			0.11
Bromine			Br			0.042598			0.02
Barium			Ba			0.032296
Strontium			Sr			0.032296			0.02
Praseodymium			Pr			0.031814
Yttrium			Y			0.002491
Sodium			Na			–			12.2
Zirconium			Zr			–			0.01
Niobium			Nb			–			0.01