Table 3.

Text examples of the key safety culture terms related to the frame “The Individual”

Theme	Safety culture key terms	Text examples
Attitude	Attitude	“It suggests a profoundly dangerous attitude that fire bossing a mine is just another burden … failure to perform them diligently and honestly reflects poorly on the attitudes up the company's chain of command” (p.98) [38].
	Behavior	“Mindset requires supervisory behaviour to counteract the nonchalant attitude often encountered in more experienced workers, who may have adopted hazardous shortcuts and a dangerously complacent approach to occupational risks” (p.94) [36].
	Characteristics	“Human factors are the environmental, organizational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics, which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety” (p.27) [39].
	Feelings	“Expressed similar concerns and feelings of distrust vis-à-vis Westray management: Some of the people who were appointed to the safety committee I felt I couldn't trust not to expose any concerns that I had about safety back to management, and therefore making me vulnerable to the tactics of management as far as intimidation and harassment” (p.180) [36].
	Perceptions	“Factors influencing … expectations are a combination of a range of highly complicated sources such as the economic conditions, management philosophy and attitudes, legislative requirements, other organizational issues, etc.” (p.78) [33].
	Thoughts	“A readiness to assess or evaluate an object in a certain way; it is the intellectual part of an attitude and encompasses the thoughts of an individual” (p.48) [33].
	Psychological	“A person's actions are motivated in one way or another, consciously or unconsciously, and that no behaviour is totally devoid of some underlying psychological mechanism … attitudes are psychological traits” (p.51) [33].
Competence	Competence	“The regulatory system should drive training programmes that produce a qualified and competent workforce which is aware of the major risks in underground coal mining and how to manage them. Deficiencies and gaps in the regulations are holding back the development of the workforce” (p.338) [39].
	Values	“Employers should create a ‘no-blame culture’ that values health and safety and that supports workers who raise health and safety concerns” (p.335) [39].
Norms	Norms	“The not-so-subtle message to employees [was] that MSHA [was] costing the company money – and workers shouldn't aid in that process. In an organization where deviance is not the norm, the same information might be used to deliver a very different message, ‘We have some very serious safety problems at this mine, so much so that we've racked up a million dollars in penalties'” (p.101) [38].
Patterns	Patterns	“The information I have seen shows me recurring patterns of causal factors that I know are well established in the literature to increase the likelihood of a process safety event” (p.76) [39].
	Experiences	“Factors such as personal background, skills and abilities, and past experiences would play an important part in this process … a person's experiences form the backbone of his attitudes” (p.64) [33].
	Mental	“The quality of the critical relationships are being adversely affected by the existence of an adversarial mentality” (p.12) [33].
	Ethical	“It is the responsibility of management at all levels through its actions and its example to instill a strong safety ethic in its workforce.’ In the case of Westray, management undeniably failed to do so” (p.155) [36].
	Interpretations	“The individual himself, by his own perceptions, expectations, and interpretations [determines] how he ought to behave. This refers to a synthesis of personalized representations of the requirements within the organization, some of which may be acquired as a consequence of direct experiences and others may develop as a result of indirect influences” (p.64) [33].
	Situational	“Keen sense of situational awareness” (p.27) [40].
	Attributes	“Attitudes as object appraisal systems serve to simplify a person's task of assessing new information about objects by providing him with already evaluated categories to which incoming information can be fitted. The object appraisal predominates, attitudes should be malleable, in response to rational presentations of information that lead the person to reappraise the bearing of reality factors on his interests and enterprises” (p.30) [33].