Skip to main content
. 2020 Mar 19;8(4):438–447. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1

β cell dysfunction and autophagy. Islet β cell regulates insulin secretion according to blood glucose level. Mitochondria metabolizes glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important signals for glucose to stimulate insulin secretion. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) and proinsulin degradation triggers the cell stress, which can be alleviated by autophagy. Hyperglycemia induces excessive ROS and leads to oxidative stress. Long term elevated insulin secretion leads to ER stress. Autophagy was up regulated by oxidative stress and ER stress to protect β cells from apoptosis.