Table 1.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: sample, pre-treatment and molecular detection methods.

Origin/item	Spiking (No of oocysts) No of positive/tested	Amount (g)	Pre-treatment	DNA isolation	Detection method	Recovery or LOD (oocyst)	Reference
Raspberry wash sediment extract	YES (50)	250 g	6 × 2 min in N2/98 °C	DNA released by F-T	nested PCR	25	Jinneman et al. (1998)
Raspberries	YES (N/A)	100 g	NO	6 mm FTA filters	nested PCR	10–30/100 g	Orlandi and Lampel (2000)
Basil leaves	YES (101–103)	30 g	8 × 1 min in N2/98 °C	QIAamp DNA microkit or DNeasy blood and tissue kit	PCR	10 in 9/15; 1 in 2/15 sampl	Lalonde and Gajadhar (2008)
Raspberries, basil, mesclun lettuce	YES (10–4000)	100 g	NO	QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit	nested PCR	LOD: tens of unita; Recovery: 5/50 g	Steele et al. (2003)
Washes from raspberry, basil, pesto	YES (50 or 500, 5000)	25 g basil; 50 g raspberries	NO	FastDNA SPIN Kit for soil, UltraClean™ Soil DNA Isolation Kit, QIAamp DNA Mini Stool Kit, UNEX method	nested PCR; qPCR	LOD: 1 copy of gene	Shields et al. (2013)
Leafy greens	NO (9/544)	25 g	5 × 2 min in N2/90 °C	Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit	nested PCR	N/A	Dixon et al. (2013)
Basil	YES (100 or 1000)	25 g	NO	FastDNA Spin for Soil Kit	nested PCR	N/A	Chandra et al. (2014)
Cucumber, lettuce, fennel, celery, tomato, melon, chicory	NO (6/49)	100 g external leaves of vegetableb; 1000 g melon or tomato	NO	Nucleospin tissue/stool kit	qPCR	N/Ac	Giangaspero et al. (2015)
Leafy greens (herbs, green onions), berry fruits	YES (5000 E. pappilata)	35 ± 0.5 g	8 × 1 min in N2/98 °C	QIAamp DNA Mini Kit	qPCR	5 of E. papillata/g	Lalonde and Gajadhar (2016b)
Leafy greensd	NO (6/1171)	35 ± 0.5 g	8 × 1 min in N2/98 °C	QIAamp DNA microkit/DNeasy blood and tissue kit	qPCR	Recovery: 3%–18%	Lalonde and Gajadhar (2016a)
Packaged saladse	NO (1.3%/64)	100 g	15 × 1 min N2/65 °C	QiAmp Plant Mini Kit	qPCR	46–1580/g	Caradonna et al. (2017)
Perilla leaves, winter-grown cabbages, chives, sprouts, blueberries, cherry tomatoes	NO (5/44)	20 g perilla; 30 g sprouts; 50 g rest	NO	QIAquick stool mini kit	qPCR, nested	13–348/g	Sim et al. (2017)
cilantro, raspberries	YES (0, 5, 10, 200)	25 g cilantro; 50 g raspberries	BB	FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil	nested PCR, qPCR	N/A	Murphy et al. (2017)
Cilantro, raspberries	YES-interlaboratory (0, 5, 10, 200)	25 g cilantro; 50 g raspberries	BB	FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil	nested PCR, qPCR	LOD: 0.2/g	Murphy et al. (2018)
Carrot, cabbage, basil, parsley, Coleslaw with dressing	YES (5 or 10, 200); 141	25 g	BB	FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil with a FastPrep-24 Instrument	qPCR	5/25 g	Almeria et al. (2018)
Strawberries, blueberries, raspberries	YES (10, 50)	30 g	2 × BB 4 m/s for 60 s	DNeasy PowerSoil Kit	qPCR/multiplex	LOD: 10/30 g	Temesgen et al., 2019a, Temesgen et al., 2019b
Vegetables, fruitsf	NO (2/1099) (0,2%)	25 g	NO	E.Z.N.A.R® Stool DNA Kit	nested PCR	N/A	Li et al. (2019)
Spinach	YES (101–104)	10 g	1 × 4 min N2/100 °C	DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit	nested multiple, qPCR, RFLP	1–10/g	Shapiro et al. (2019)
Berry fruit	YES (20,200)	30 g	BB	DNeasy PowerSoil kit/UNEX-based DNA extraction	qPCR	10/30 g	Temesgen et al. (2020)
Fresh and frozen berriesg	YES (1,20)	50 g	BB	FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil	qPCR	5/50 g	Assurian et al. (2020a)
Fresh berries, berry farm soil	YES (0−103)	50 g	NO	ZymoBIOMICS DNA Kit	nested PCR	1/g	Resendiz-Nava et al. (2020)
Cilantro	YES (5, 10, 200)	25 g	BB	FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil with a FastPrep-24h	qPCR		Assurian et al. (2020b)
Strawberries	NO (1/120)	30 g	BB	DNeasy PowerSoil kit	multiplex PCR		Pineda et al. (2020)

LOD = limit of detection.

BB = bead beating.

^a40 oocysts/100 g raspberries, 10 oocysts/100 g basil, 1000 oocysts/100 g mesclun lettuce.

^bLettuce, fennel, celery or the external part of cucumber.

^cThe number of DNA copies per μl was calculated by correlating the Ct mean value, with the number of oocysts calculated assuming that an oocyst contains 15 copies of rDNA, depending on the stage of sporulation.

^dSpinach, spring mix, leaf lettuce, romaine, kale, arugula, chard, collards, dandelion greens, rapini.

^eMixed salad (curly and escarole lettuce, red radish, rocket salad and carrots).

^fLettuce, coriander, celery, baby bok choy, leaf lettuce, water spinach, crown daisy, fennel plant, endive, spinach, schizonepeta, cabbage, leaf mustard, Chinese chive, chive and the stripped epidermis of cucumber, watermelon, potato, bean, green chili.

^gBlackberries, strawberries, blueberries and mixed berries.

^hFive DNA cleanup commercial kits: QIAquick® Purification kit, One step™ PCR inhibitor removal, Nucleospin® Genomic DNA clean up, DNA IQ™ system and DNeasy® Power Plant® Pro kit.