Table 5.
Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon hellem and Toxocara spp.: sample, pre-treatment and molecular detection methods.
| Origin/item | Amount (g) | Pre-treatment | DNA isolation | Detection method | Spiking; No. of positive/tested | Recovery | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetablea (Encephalitozoon spp. E. bieneusi) | 250 g | BB | YTA DNA extraction kit for stool | nested PCR | NO; 5/12 (41.7%); 1/12 (8.33%) | N/A | Javanmard et al. (2018) |
| Vegetablesb, fruitsb (E. bieneusi) | 25 g | NOc | E.Z.N.A.R® Stool DNA Kit | conventional PCR | NO; 3.5%; 38/1099 | N/A | Li et al. (2019) |
| Lettuce (Toxocara spp.) | 300 gd | sieving | Qiamp DNA mini kit | conventional PCR | YES; (4, 20); 4/157 | 2 eggs/sample | Guggisberg et al. (2020) |
BB = bead beating.
N/A = not available.
a
Lettuce, coriander, celery, baby bok choy, leaf lettuce, water spinach, crown daisy, fennel plant, endive, spinach, schizonepeta, cabbage, leaf mustard, Chinese chive, chive, cucumber, watermelon, potato, bean, green chili.
b
Before DNA isolation the sample was concentrated by centrifugation.
c
Before DNA isolation the sample was concentrated by FDA 2017.
d
For spiking experiments the amount was 300 g, for real samples the amount was 900–1800 g (in total 158 kg ~1413 lettuce heads).