Table 1.
Recent research into the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs.
| Authors | Title | Year | EVs source | AKI model | Intervention | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee, JH et al. (128) | Reproducible large-scale isolation of exosomes from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their application in acute kidney injury | 2020 | Adipose tissue-derived MSCs | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Produce ASC-EVs with tangential flow filtration | EV yield↑; EV quality↑ |
| Cao, J et al. (127) | Three-dimensional culture of MSCs produces exosomes with improved yield and enhanced therapeutic efficacy for cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury | 2020 | Fresh human umbilical cord-derived MSCs | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Produce MSC-EVs with a hollow fiber bioreactor-based three-dimensional culture system | EV yield↑; EV quality↑; therapeutic efficacy↑; collection efficiency↑; efficiency of TECs uptake↑ |
| Ullah, M et al. (129) | Reversing acute kidney injury using pulsed focused ultrasound and MSC therapy: a role for HSP-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling | 2020 | Bone marrow-derived MSCs | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Combine pFUS pretreatment of the kidney with MSC-derived EVs | No significant improvement in homing ability of EVs; kidney injury markers↓; renal function↓; inflammation↓; apoptosis↓; cell proliferation↑ |
| Ullah, M et al. (130) | HSP70-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome suppression underlies reversal of acute kidney injury following extracellular vesicle and focused ultrasound combination therapy | 2020 | Bone marrow-derived MSCs | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Combine pFUS pretreatment of the kidney with MSC-derived EVs | HSP70↓; NLRP3 inflammasome↓;IL-1↓; IL-18↓; therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs↑; anti-inflammation↑; cell regeneration↑ |
| Ullah, M et al. (131) | Pulsed focused ultrasound enhances the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in acute kidney injury | 2020 | Bone marrow-derived MSCs | Cisplatin-induced AKI | Combine pFUS pretreatment of the kidney with MSC-derived EVs | MAPK/ERK↑; PI3K/Akt↑; eNOS↑; SIRT3↑; kidney injury markers↓; renal function↓; inflammation↓; apoptosis↓; cell proliferation↑; survival↑ |
| Zhang, C et al. (77) | Supramolecular nanofibers containing arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides boost therapeutic efficacy of extracellular vesicles in kidney repair | 2020 | Human placenta-derived MSCs | Ischemic reperfusion injury-induced AKI | Precondition EVs with RGD peptides | Stability and retention of MSC-EVs↑; anti-fibrosis in the chronic phase↑; kidney injury↓; cell proliferation↑; EV integrin-mediated loading↑ |
| Liu, Y et al. (132) | Enhanced therapeutic effects of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles with an injectable collagen matrix for experimental acute kidney injury treatment | 2020 | Human placenta-derived MSCs | Ischemic reperfusion injury-induced AKI | Precondition EVs with collagen matrix | Angiogenesis↑; apoptosis↓; stability and retention of MSC-EVs↑; therapeutic efficacy↑ |
| Alzahrani, FA et al. (133) | Melatonin improves therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats | 2019 | Bone marrow-derived MSCs | Ischemic reperfusion injury-induced AKI | Precondition EVs with melatonin | Kidney damage↓; inflammation; renal regeneration↑; angiogenesis↑; anti-oxidation↑; oxidative stress↓ |
| Zhang, ZY et al. (134) | Oct-4 enhanced the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in acute kidney injury | 2020 | Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs | Ischemic reperfusion injury-induced AKI | Overexpress Oct-4 by lentiviral vector transduction | Apoptosis↓; Scr↓; BUN↓; renal fibrosis↓; renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation↑ |
EV, extracellular vesicle; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; AKI, acute kidney injury; pFUS, pulsed focused ultrasound; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; NLRP3, NLR Family, Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3; IL, interleukin; TEC, tubular epithelial cell; RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartate; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; Scr, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase.