TABLE 1.
Biologics in the clinics for IBD treatment.
| Biologics for IBD in the clinics | ||
| Name | Mechanism | Delivery approach |
| Infliximab (Bernstein, 2015; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019b) | Anti TNF-α antibodies | Intravenous |
| Adalimumab (Bernstein, 2015; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019b) | Subcutaneous | |
| Certolizumab pegol (Bernstein, 2015; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019b) | ||
| Golimumab (Probert et al., 2018) | ||
| Natalizumab (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019a) | Anti α4 integrin antibody | Intravenous |
| Vedolizumab (Bernstein, 2015) | Anti α4β7 integrin antibody | Intravenous |
| Ustekinumab (Amiot and Peyrin-Biroulet, 2015) | Anti IL antibody | Intravenous |
| Tofacitinib (Agrawal et al., 2020) | Non-selective Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor | Oral |