. 2021 May 26;10(12):4054–4065. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3937

TABLE 3.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer risk in relationship to serum albumin by gender, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status, Kailuan cohort

Serum albumin (g/L)		Gender		BMI		Smoking status
Serum albumin (g/L)		Male	Female	Normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m²)	Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²)	Non‐smoker	Ever smoker
All cancers
Quartile 1	<44.6	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Quartile 2	44.6–45.9	0.86 (0.72–1.03)	1.08 (0.81–1.44)	0.89 (0.72–1.11)	0.94 (0.76–1.17)	0.93 (0.77–1.12)	0.89 (0.69–1.16)
Quartile 3	46.0–47.9	0.82 (0.70–0.97)	0.80 (0.61–1.06)	0.83 (0.68–1.01)	0.78 (0.64–0.96)	0.77 (0.65–0.92)	0.86 (0.69–1.08)
Quartile 4	≥48.0	0.73 (0.61–0.87)	0.85 (0.61 −1.18)	0.74 (0.59–0.92)	0.73 (0.58–0.91)	0.75 (0.61–0.91)	0.73 (0.56–0.93)
Lung cancer
Quartile 1	<44.6	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Quartile 2	44.6–45.9	0.76 (0.54–1.07)	1.18 (0.56–2.48)	0.72 (0.47–1.09)	0.97 (0.62–1.52)	0.82 (0.55–1.24)	0.81 (0.51–1.29)
Quartile 3	46.0–47.9	0.70 (0.52–0.95)	0.52 (0.22–1.24)	0.63 (0.43–0.93)	0.75 (0.49–1.14)	0.51 (0.34–0.77)	0.89 (0.60–1.32)
Quartile 4	≥48.0	0.69 (0.50–0.96)	0.85 (0.34–2.11)	0.60 (0.39–0.92)	0.84 (0.54–1.31)	0.71 (0.47–1.08)	0.71 (0.45–1.12)
Colorectal cancer
Quartile 1	<44.6	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Quartile 2	44.6–45.9	0.74 (0.45–1.21)	1.61 (0.62–4.18)	1.16 (0.62–2.18)	0.67 (0.37–1.23)	0.78 (0.45–1.33)	1.07 (0.52–2.21)
Quartile 3	46.0–47.9	0.86 (0.57–1.31)	1.36 (0.55–3.35)	1.28 (0.73–2.23)	0.73 (0.44–1.22)	0.94 (0.59–1.48)	0.97 (0.50–1.86)
Quartile 4	≥48.0	0.40 (0.23–0.69)	0.61 (0.16–2.32)	0.78 (0.39–1.53)	0.22 (0.10–0.51)	0.39 (0.20–0.76)	0.53 (0.23–1.21)
Breast cancer ^a
Quartile 1	<44.6	N.A.	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	N.A.
Quartile 2	44.6–45.9	N.A.	1.37 (0.84–2.25)	2.04 (0.88–4.71)	1.14 (0.60–2.15)	1.42 (0.86–2.33)	N.A.
Quartile 3	46.0–47.9	N.A.	0.80 (0.48–1.34)	1.34 (0.58–3.07)	0.57 (0.28–1.16)	0.83 (0.49–1.39)	N.A.
Quartile 4	≥48.0	N.A.	1.34 (0.80–2.25)	1.91 (0.81–4.52)	1.13 (0.57–2.22)	1.39 (0.82–2.34)	N.A.
Liver cancer
Quartile 1	<44.6	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Quartile 2	44.6–45.9	0.47 (0.26–0.87)	1.71 (0.34–8.60)	0.45 (0.18–1.11)	0.63 (0.31–1.27)	0.64 (0.33–1.27)	0.40 (0.15–1.06)
Quartile 3	46.0–47.9	0.44 (0.26–0.75)	0.34 (0.04–3.25)	0.44 (0.20–0.97)	0.45 (0.23–0.87)	0.36 (0.18–0.75)	0.55 (0.27–1.13)
Quartile 4	≥48.0	0.58 (0.35–0.95)	0.73 (0.07–7.15)	0.53 (0.24–1.15)	0.63 (0.33–1.17)	0.52 (0.26–1.02)	0.68 (0.34–1.37)
Gastric cancer ^b
Quartile 1	<44.6	Ref	N.A.	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Quartile 2	44.6–45.9	1.20 (0.66–2.18)	N.A.	1.06 (0.50–2.23)	1.04 (0.47–2.30)	1.22 (0.62–2.40)	0.80 (0.32–2.01)
Quartile 3	46.0–47.9	0.91 (0.52–1.62)	N.A.	0.85 (0.42–1.71)	0.65 (0.29–1.44)	0.62 (0.30–1.29)	0.94 (0.44–2.02)
Quartile 4	≥48.0	0.78 (0.42–1.47)	N.A.	0.57 (0.24–1.34)	0.67 (0.29–1.58)	0.76 (0.35–1.63)	0.47 (0.18–1.24)

Adjusted for age (10‐year interval), gender, education level (illiterate or primary school, junior high school, senior high school, and college and above), income status (<500 yuan per month, 500–1000 yuan per month, ≥1000 yuan per month), coal dust exposure status (non‐exposure, exposure), BMI (BMI <18.5, 18.5 ≤ BMI <25.0, 25.0 ≤ BMI <30.0, BMI ≥30.0), C‐reactive protein (<0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.1–2.5, >2.5, mg/L), frequency of smoking (non‐smoker, ex‐smoker, <1 cigarette per day, ≥1 cigarette per day), frequency of alcohol drinking (never drinker, ever drinker), HBsAg infection status (negative and positive). Grouping variables were excluded for each subgroup.

^{^a}

Only females were included for analysis of breast cancer. For female ever smokers, the analysis was infeasible due to the limitation of subjects’ number.

^{^b}

The analysis of gastric cancer risk among female was infeasible due to the limitation of cancer cases.