Table 1.
Detailed characteristics of the included patients and healthy controls presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
| All SLE(n = 60) | Controls (n = 60) | LN (n = 20) | APS (n = 20) | Skin and joint (n = 20) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Background variables | |||||
| Age at examination (years) | 43.2 ± 11.3 | 43.0 ± 11.4 | 41.6 ± 10.4 | 45.2 ± 12.2 | 42.9 ± 11.7 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 52 (87) | 52 (87) | 18 (90) | 15 (75) | 19 (95) |
| Duration of SLE (years) | 12.0 ± 9.4 | NA | 10.7 ± 8.1 | 15.6 ± 12.2 | 9.6 ± 6.3 |
| SDI score | 0.8 ± 1.1 | NA | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 0.5 |
| SLEDAI-2K | 2.0 ± 2.1 | NA | 1.6 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 2.2 ± 1.7 |
| Traditional risk factors and laboratory data | |||||
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) | 26.0 ± 4.2a | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 26.5 ± 3.4b | 25.6 ± 4.0 | 25.8 ± 5.1 |
| Ever smoker (former or current), n (%) | 14 (23) | 0 | 4 (20) | 3 (15) | 7 (35) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 115 ± 26 | 112 ± 18 | 117 ± 17 | 113 ± 32 | 116 ± 29 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73 ± 11b | 68 ± 8 | 74 ± 12 | 73 ± 10 | 72 ± 9 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5) | 0 |
| Raynaud, n (%) | 16 (27) | 9 (15) | 4 (20) | 5 (25) | 7 (35) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1,73m²) | 84 ± 16 | NA | 85 ± 14 | 79 ± 18 | 87 ± 13 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.1 |
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.6± 0.4 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mmol/L) | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
| Triglycerides (TG) (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.4 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 2.2 ± 2.8 | 2.0 ± 3.7 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 3.4 | 2.5 ± 3.2 |
| Medical treatment, ongoing | |||||
| Antimalarial agents, n (%) | 54 (90) | 0 | 20 (100) | 16 (80) | 18 (90) |
| Glucocorticoid therapy n (%) | 31 (52) | 0 | 12 (60) | 9 (45) | 10 (50) |
| Mean daily Prednisolone dose (mg) | 4.5 | 0 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 4.2 |
| Warfarin therapy, n (%) | 11 (18) | 0 | 1 (5) | 10 (50) | 0 |
| Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | 11 (18) | 0 | 5 (25) | 6 (30) | 0 |
| Statin therapy n (%) | 5 (8) | 0 | 2 (10) | 3 (15) | 0 |
| DMARD therapy, n (%) | 27 (45) | 0 | 11 (55) | 9 (45) | 7 (35) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil, n (%) | 16 (27) | 0 | 11 (55) | 4 (20) | 1 (5) |
| Methotrexate, n (%) | 5 (8) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5) | 4 (20) |
| Azathioprine, n (%) | 3 (5) | 0 | 0 | 2 (10) | 1 (5) |
| Sirolimus, n (%) | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 |
| Biologics, n (%) | 4 (7) | 0 | 3 (15) | 1 (5) | 0 |
| Bortezomib, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | 1 (5) | 0 | 0 |
| Rituximab, n (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | 1 (5) | 0 | 0 |
| Belimumab, n (%) | 2 (3) | 0 | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 0 |
APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; DMARDs: disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LN: lupus nephritis; N/A: not applicable or available; SDI: SLICC/ACR damage index; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.
bp < 0.05.
ap < 0.01.