TABLE 2.
Summary of treatment regimens, observation, and inclusion and exclusion criteria in studies
| Author (year) | Treatment regimen | Observation time | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EBV (mononucleosis) | ||||
| Cowley (1962) | CQ: 1g ×1; 500 mg at 8 h and daily ×9 days; 250 mg daily × 8 days | LOS | Fever; pharyngitis; ↑ WBC and atypical lymphocytes; lymphadenopathy; heterophile Ab ≥ 1:224 | NR |
| Schumacher (1963) | CQ: 1 g ×1; 500 mg q6 h × 24 h; 250 mg every 6 h × 5 days | NR | >50% Lymphocytes; >20% atypical lymphocytes; heterophile Ab ≥ 1:56 | NR |
| Talstad (1964) | CQ: 1 g ×1; 500 mg 6 h later; 500 mg daily × 2 days | LOS | NR | NR |
| Updike (1967) | CQ: 250 mg twice daily × 7 days | NR | >20% Atypical lymphocytes;+heterophile Ab | Illness besides mononucleosis |
| Human papilloma virus (warts) | ||||
| Jacobs (1963) | CQ: 250 mg daily for up to 60 days | ≤60 days | 2–50 verruca, plantaris, plana or accuminata lesions | NR |
| Murphy (1965) | HCQ: 200 mg twice daily maximum of 9 weeks | ≤9 weeks | NR | NR |
| HIV | ||||
| Sperber (1995) | HCQ: 800 mg daily × 8 weeks | 8 weeks | Asymptomatic; no ART for 4 weeks; 200–500 CD4 cells/mm3; Hb, PMN, PLTS ≥ 8.5 g/dl, 1000 and 75,000 cells/mm3 respectively; ALT/AST and amylase <3X and 1.3X ULN respectively | <18 years; pregnant; AIDS defining condition or malignancy, active ETOH/drug abuse, Stage 2 AIDS dementia, known G6PD deficiency |
| Sperber (1997) | HCQ: 800 mg daily × 16 weeks | 16 weeks | Asymptomatic; no ART for 4 weeks; 200–500 CD4 cells/mm3; Hb ≥ 8.5g/dl, PMN ≥ 1000 cells/mm3 respectively; ALT/AST <3X ULN | <18 years; pregnant; AIDS defining condition or malignancy, Stage 2 AIDS dementia, known G6PD deficiency |
| Semrau (2006) | CQ: 600 mg Days 1, 2; 300 mg Day 3 | ≤16 days | NR | NR |
| Murray (2010) | CQ: 250 mg daily in 6 pts, 500 mg daily in 3 pts, × 2 months | 2 months | Chronic HIV; >250 CD4 cells/mm3; off ART ≥ 16 months | NR |
| Paton (2012) | HCQ: 400 mg daily × 48 weeks | 48 weeks | Chronic HIV; 18–65 years; no ART >12 months; >400 CD4 cells/mm3; HIV > 1000 copies/ml | Psoriasis, epilepsy, arrhythmias, depression, diabetes, CA, chronic liver, retinal ds; pregnancy; primary HIV infection <12 months; infection/vaccination last 2 months; +HBV‐Ag; +HCV PCR |
| Jacobson (2016) | CQ: 250 mg daily × 12 weeks | 12 weeks a | 18–55 years; off‐ART – no ART 6 months, HIV ≥ 1000 copies, ≥400 CD4 cells/mm3; on‐ART – on ART for 24 months, <350 CD4 cells/mm3, HIV copies undetectable | NR |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||
| De Lamballerie (2008) | CQ: 600 mg Day 1; 300 mg twice daily Days 2, 3; 300 mg Days 4 and 5 | 25 days, phone follow‐up at 200 days | 18–65 years; >60 kg; <48 h acute febrile arthralgia; biologically confirmed diagnosis (viraemia quantified by real‐time PCR and seroconversion between 1 and 16 days of study | Pregnancy; renal, retinal, celiac ds; contraindications to CQ |
| Dengue virus | ||||
| Tricou (2010) | CQ: 600 mg Days 1, 2; 300 mg Day 3 | ≥15 days b | >15 years; dengue symptoms <72 h | Pregnant; therapy for chronic ds; CQ hypersensitivity; no consent |
| Borges (2013) | CQ: 500 mg twice daily × 3 days | 7 days c | Enrolled if: fever and at least 2: headache, retro‐orbital pain/muscle/joint pain, nausea/vomiting, rash for <72 h. Confirmed dengue by 2 of either PCR, ELISA or NS1 antigen detection assays | <18 years; pregnant; CV or neurological ds |
| Hepatitis C virus | ||||
| Helal (2016) | HCQ: 200 mg twice daily × 12 weeks | 12 weeks | 18–60 years; HCV genotype‐4; ‐HBV‐Ag; +HCV‐Ab; WBC, PMN, and PLTs > 3000, 1500, and 80,000 cells/mm3 respectively; Hb > 12 g/dl in males and 11 g/dl in females, Cr < 1.2; +HCV liver bx in <12 months. | Pregnant; non‐HCV liver ds; liver bx with F0 and F4 for necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis; BMI > 30; CV, thyroid, retinal ds; antiviral/immunosuppressive therapy past 6 months |
| Peymani (2016) | CQ: 150 mg daily × 8 weeks | 8 weeks | Males; 18–60 years; HCV genotype‐1 unresponsive to pegIFN and RBV | Decompensated cirrhosis; anti‐neoplastic, anti‐viral, immunomodulator therapy in prior 6 months; HAV, HBV, HDV, HIV; active ETOH use; mental impairment; LFTs > 5X ULN; adverse reaction to HCQ; HCC; already on therapy for HCV |
| Influenza A and B virus | ||||
| Patton (2011) | CQ: 500 mg daily × 1 week; once weekly × 11 weeks | 12 weeks | 18–65 years | Pregnancy, breast feeding; psoriasis; porphyria; epilepsy; myopathy; depression; CV, retinal, hepatic, renal, ds; G6PD deficiency; hepatotoxic therapy; flu vaccination past 3 months; flu symptoms at screening |
Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; Ag, antigen; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ALT, alanine amino‐transferase; ART, antiretroviral therapy; AST, aspartate amino‐transferase; BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; CQ, chloroquine; CV, cardiovascular; ds, disease; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; ETOH, alcohol; Flu, influenza; HAV, HBV, HDV, hepatitis A, B and D; Hb, haemoglobin; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HPV, human papilloma virus; LFT, liver function test; LOS, hospital length of stay; NR, not reported; pegIFN, pegylated interferon; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PLT, platelet; PMN, polymorphonuclear cell; RBV, ribavirin; Rx, treatment; ULN, upper limit of normal.
a
Each of two cross‐over periods was 12 weeks.
b
Blood drawn BID for 5 days in hospital and then at 10–14 days after discharge.
c
7 days following confirmed infection.