Table 6.

Immune-related effects of selected tubulin inhibitors

Drug	Effects on PD-(L)1 checkpoint	References
PACLI	Promotes tumor antigen presentation through upregulation of tumor antigens or MHC class I molecules.	(135)
	Increases cell surface PD-L1 protein expression in human ovarian cancer cell lines.	(67)
	Antitumor immune activation when combined with PD-L1 blockade. Increases the proportion of tumor-infiltrating effector and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in a model of TNBC. Upregulation of PD-L1 on tumor-associated macrophages.	(136)
	Increases PD-L1 levels via NF-κB signaling, facilitating the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the tumor site, leading to immune reactivation. The anticancer effect results from a PACLI-increased population of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs, and a decreasing population of PD-1+ TILs at the tumor site.	(137)
Docetaxel	The combination of docetaxel, platinum and fluorouracil increases PD-L1 expression in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Enhances PD-L1 positivity on tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the density of CD8+ lymphocytes.	(138)
	Downregulation of PD-1 expression in T lymphocytes, via an activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway.	(139)
NE-DHA-SBT-1214 (nanoemulsion of a taxoid prodrug)	Increases PD-L1 expression in Panc02 pancreatic tumor cells. The combination with an anti-PD-L1 enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration and promoted the therapeutic effect.	(140)
Eribulin	Decreased expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in five responders and increased expression of CD8 in four out of five responders. No expression change in the nonresponder patients.	(141)